SOMMARIO: 1. Il sistema costituzionale e concordatario – 2. Brevi cenni sulle radici storiche del confessionismo dominicano - 3. Il sindacato di costituzionalità sulle norme concordatarie, alla luce della sentenza della “Suprema Corte de Justicia” n. 6 del 2008 – 4. Verso una soluzione della questione matrimoniale: la legge n. 198 del 2011 sui matrimoni religiosi civilmente trascritti.
SOMMARIO: 1. L’unione con Roma degli ortodossi della Transilvania – 2. La Chiesa cattolica di rito greco nel Regno di Romania - 3. Le direttive sovietiche sulla soppressione della Chiesa cattolica di rito greco - 4. Il ruolo dell’Ortodossia romena nella soppressione della Chiesa greco-cattolica - 5. L’arresto dei vescovi greco-cattolici - 6. Il decreto sulla liquidazione della Chiesa Greco-Cattolica Romena - 7. La fine del regime comunista e il riconoscimento della Chiesa Greco-Cattolica Romena - 8. Il problema della restituzione dei beni ecclesiastici. L’evoluzione della normativa - 9. La giurisprudenza in materia - 10. La resistenza dell’Ortodossia romena - 11. La situazione attuale.
ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the birth of the Greek Catholic Church of Transylvania at the end of the 17th century, its full legal recognition in the Kingdom of Romania and its suppression implemented by the Communist regime in 1948. The process of the Greek Catholic Church liquidation, decreed by Moscow, has been implemented through the collaboration between the Romanian Government authorities and the leaders of the Romanian and Russian Orthodox Churches. With the fall of the Romanian Communist regime and the recognition of religious freedom, the Greek Catholic Church regains the right to exist and operate. The main problem which remains non resolved concerns the restitution of the ecclesiastical properties expropriated in 1948 and then assigned to the State and above all to the Orthodox Church: the latter, in the great majority of cases, rejects the requests put forward by the Greek Catholic Church, which thus is forced to seek justice through the courts. For many years the refusal of the Orthodox Church to return the property once belonging to the Greek Catholic Church was supported by an ambiguous legislation and by the influence wielded by the Orthodox Church. At present, following international pressure, the Courts of Romania seem determined to render the Greek Catholic Church justice, but they meet with resistance from local authorities linked with the Orthodox Church.
SOMMARIO: 1. Istituzione della Sacra Arcidiocesi Ortodossa d’Italia e Malta – 2. La laicità italiana - 3. L’intesa del 2007 e la legge di approvazione n. 126 del 30 luglio 2012 – 4. I contenuti, rilevanza del diritto canonico ortodosso – 5. I diritti individuali di libertà religiosa - 6. I diritti collettivi di libertà religiosa - 7. Il potere di certificazione attribuito all’Arcidiocesi - 8. Il riconoscimento degli enti ortodossi - 9. Le attività culturali e scolastiche – 10. Gli aiuti economici - 11. La collaborazione tra le due istituzioni: A. tutela del patrimonio artistico; B. rilevanza dei matrimoni celebrati con rito cristiano ortodosso; C. ulteriori fattispecie – 12. I controlli statali.
SOMMARIO: The essay illustrates some qualifying points of the law 126/2012, which approved the agreement with the Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy. The legislation for the protection of individual and collective rights of religious freedom is framed within the principle of secularism typical of the Italian State that wants to be pluralistic, multi-religious and neutral. It does not aim at the complete secularization of public institutions, but intends to protect religious sensibility as an independent value; hence more forms of collaboration between the State and the Archdiocese are introduced. The legislation in many respects is similar to that of the previous Italian agreements; the few differences are due to the existence in many Italian cities of ancient Orthodox confraternities and institutions, as well as being the Archdiocese an organic structure of an autocephalous church such as the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
SOMMARIO: 1. Rilievi introduttivi – 2. Il trattamento riservato alla religione nelle costituzioni algerine postcoloniali – 3. La disciplina in materia di esercizio dei culti diversi dal musulmano varata nel 2006 – 4. I decreti di esecuzione della normativa de qua – 5. Tendenze evolutive.
SOMMAIRE: 1. Brève histoire de l’affaire – 2. Préambule – 3. Protection de la compétence exclusive des groupements religieux en vue d’instaurer leur structure intrinsèque et les normes intérieures des relations au point de vue de la législation de la Roumanie – 4. Application du principe de l’autonomie des groupements religieux et du principe de l’inadmissibilité d’intervenir pour l’État aux affaires intérieures des groupements religieux – 5. Non-contradiction de la Convention des exigences intérieures des groupements religieux sur la loyauté et la conformité des personnes se trouvant dans les relations de service avec le groupement religieux – 6. Absence des raisons fournies par les faits juridiques suffisantes et justifiant réellement l’assimilation (la mise au même niveau) des groupements religieux avec n’importe quelles autres organisations-employeurs dans la sphère de la réglementation des relations de travail – 7. Légalité de l’instauration des restrictions à la création et les activités des syndicats dans les certaines sphères des relations publiques – 8. Compétence de la Roumanie de fixer dans la législation les restrictions à la liberté des syndicats conformément à la sphère des relations religieuses – 9. Signification des résultats du jugement de l’affaire «Syndicat “Le Bon Pasteur” c. Roumanie» (requête 2330/09) pour L’Église Orthodoxe Russe- 10. Conclusion.
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La disciplina del divorzio nel Codice Civile coreano e i relativi aspetti patrimoniali - 3. Fidanzamento, matrimonio, nullità e interruzione per morte del matrimonio - 4. La tutela dei figli nel divorzio - 5. Riforma del diritto di famiglia n. 7427/2005.
ABSTRACT: Some remarks on divorce in South Korea The Korean family law regulates two different procedures for divorce: divorce by agreement (which is used in cases where both spouses are agree to terminate the marriage) and judicial divorce. Closely related to divorce are different problems, because of which this institution has been repeatedly the subject of reforms; the most significant reforms are: the first one in 1991, which aims to achieve a way of equality between man and woman, then in 2005, which had as its goal to remove the "head of the family" system and the last one in 2007 made to realize an effective protection of children as the greatest victims of their parents’ divorce. The most innovative reform has been the law n. 7427 of 2 March 2005 (with eight points, four of which came into force immediately and the other in 2008). It deals essentially in abolish the head of the family system, on the ground that it was unconstitutional, because the system contains articles that infringe individual dignity and equality between sexes in marriage and so they are contrary to art. 36 of the Korean Constitution.
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. – 2. I presupposti teologici. – 3. Tendenza teocratica, ma visione profana dei fenomeni normativi. – 4. La doppia faccia della secolarizzazione. – 5. Il costituzionalismo (medievale) cristiano. – 6. Le origini del costituzionalismo occidentale. Fra apolitismo radicale … – 7. (segue) … e messianismo temporale e rivoluzione scientifica. – 8. Westfalia (1648): la territorializzazione del diritto religioso. – 9. La nuova religione della perfetta ragione. – 10. Dalla fine della sovranità westfaliana, al secondo dopoguerra … – 11. … (segue) e alla questione islamica di questo secolo.
ABSTRACT: During the long history of the Western Legal System, Christian religion has been playing a key role in defining some of the pillars of modern constitutionalism. This is evident in respect to important constitutional principles like, for example, the notion of “person”, as established in the article 6 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (“Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law”). At the same time, some theological notions of medieval constitutional thought represented the political pedestal of the absolute sovereignty of the State, which is antithetical to the logic of constitutional legal system. With this article, the Author analyses the way some theological notions of Christianity have been “secularized” – and then “codified” – in the Western constitutional States, influencing the pillars of contemporary democracies. This could explain, for example, why the legal instruments carrying out the relationship State-Churches in certain Western democracies do not work very well as they did in the past. In fact, from time to time, these instruments have been able to create the conditions for a proper interaction – an “overlapping consensus” – between religious groups and public authorities as well as an acceptable balance between universal principles of Western constitutionalism and ethnic-cultural-religious differences. Nowadays, however, these same instruments seem to fail. Precisely because immigration and today’s multicultural societies see masses of people that come to Western Countries with their religious identities and, sometimes, with a global perspective which complicates the century old tension between universal principles – launched by the history of the Western constitutionalism – and the current cultural-religious belongings.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. I Concordati del primo novecento: definizione dei tratti tipici del modello – 3. La revisione concordataria del secondo dopoguerra: libertà di scelta educativa e pluralismo religioso - 4. L’istruzione religiosa “nell’ambito delle finalità della scuola”. Il caso Italia - 5. (segue) … l’esperienza di Spagna e Portogallo.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa – 2. La costituzione di organizzazioni sindacali di ministri di culto e laici appartenenti alla BOR - 3. Il riconoscimento della personalità giuridica civile al “Sindicatul Pǎstorul cel Bun”- 4. La questione davanti alla Corte EDU: la preminenza del diritto alla tutela attraverso l’azione sindacale - 5. La Corte EDU e l’esistenza di un “besoin social impérieux” - 6. La risposta della Chiesa ortodossa romena alla sentenza CEDU e l’appello alla Grand Chambre - 7. Alcune considerazioni conclusive.
The exercise of trade-union activity of ministers of religion in the Ortodox Rumenian Church
ABSTRACT: The paper analyses the decision of the EDU Court on lack of recognition of the civil corporate status to the “Sindicatul Pǎstorul cel Bun” formed by ministers of religion and laics of the BOR. This decision was appealed before the Grand Chambre of the Romenian State. In this perspective the debate around the development of the situation within the BOR in relation to what is established by the Romanian law is studied, posing the accent on ecclesiological as well as juridical aspects of the problem. Though without omitting to analyse the labor law aspect of the dispute, the A. offers elements of consideration on the connection between the decision of the EDU Court and art. 8 of the Convention on Human Rights, in relation to the protection of religious denominations autonomy and their right to auto-organization. The paper ends up with considerations on the possibility of juridical systems to impose religious denominations organizations elements of democracy, without violating the principles of autonomy, separation and secularity.
SOMMARIO: 1. Limits to free speech, incitement to hatred and a “third case” - 2. UN Resolutions on Defamation of Religions (1999 – 2010). The role of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation - 3. Recognizing values and rights in the defamation of religions discourse - 4. The interplay between racial and religious offences and its effect on limitations to free speech - 5. Balancing freedom of expression and freedom of religion in the work of the UN Human Rights Committee - 6. Concluding Remarks.
Freedom of religion, freedom of expression and the United Nations: recognizing values and rights in the “defamation of religions” discourse
ABSTRACT: The article focuses on the issue of religious freedom and freedom of expression from the point of view of the United Nations. In particular, it examines the so called Defamation of religions, which has been the topic of a series of Resolutions voted by the Human Rights Commission, the Human Rights Council and the Assembly General, from 1999 to 2010. In the Defamation of religions debate, the UN institutions appear to tend to highlight the conflict between rights rather than the positive interrelation between them. Nonetheless, it has been repeatedly argued that it should be possible for political institutions and religious majorities to use anti-defamatory legislation in order to stem the activities of religious minorities. Applying penal anti-defamation laws might not be the best way to deal with the potential conflict between two fundamental rights. The more recent trends show a shift toward what seems to be a more suitable accommodation of the interests at stake. In this regard, the article will consider the Human Rights Council’s Resolution about discrimination on religious grounds (2011), the Ad Hoc Committee on Complementary Standards to the ICERD and the new General Comment on article 19 of the ICCPR.