Contenuti per la categoria: Concordati, intese e altri accordi

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. The temporal goods of the Church and the principle of subsidiarity - 3. The notion of common goods in Italy - 4. Some practical cases of ecclesiastical heritage as common goods in Italy- 5. A comparative perspective with Belgium: the strategic plans for the future of churches in Flanders - 6. Future perspectives and conclusions.

ABSTRACT: According to recent studies, there are about 600,000 places of worship and several thousands of monasteries and convents in Europe. The process of secularization, the decrease and displacement of the population, the reduction of vocations to the sacred life can be held responsible for the redundancy of the assets of the Catholic Church. These buildings represent an impressive heritage of faith, work and creativity of the communities which made them over the centuries. Most of them are considered as “cultural heritage” by the legislation of the European States, because of their historical, cultural and artistic values. Up to now, the main solution to this phenomenon has consisted in the alienation of these properties. However, the selling and the disposal of these goods by ecclesiastical bodies cannot always be the only and preferable solution. Drawing from the analysis of some case studies in Italy, this paper aims to investigate the role of civil society participation in the regeneration process and the possibility of applying “collaboration pacts” for the management of “common goods”. In the light of the European scope of the phenomenon, a comparison is proposed in line with the legal instrument of “strategic plans”, drawn up by the diocesan bishop and local authorities in Flanders (Belgium).

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. La forma: la qualificazione dell’Intesa come accordo di natura internazionalistica - 3. La ratifica e l’esecuzione dell’Intesa nell’ordinamento dello Stato, con le relative norme di adeguamento: l’esito paradossale di una disciplina “duplicata” - 4. Le ondivaghe “vicissitudini” dell’art. 17 C.O.M.: un “termostato” delle tensioni sociali e giuridiche riguardanti la materia e l’esigenza di una riforma - 5. Politica concordataria della Santa Sede e attribuzioni alle Conferenze episcopali nazionali. Alcune considerazioni sulla polarizzazione del dibattito pubblico in Italia - 6. I contenuti dell’Intesa; 7. Le norme di adeguamento dell’ordinamento interno: novità e rilievi critici - 7.1. La direzione e il coordinamento del Servizio di assistenza spirituale: una titolarità giuridica diretta in capo all’Ordinario militare per l’Italia - 7.2. L’introduzione della figura dei Cappellani militari coordinatori, in luogo degli Ispettori: alcuni problemi di sicurezza per le istituzioni militari dello Stato- 7.3. Il concetto canonico di “sede vacante” entra nell’ordinamento militare - 7.4. La procedura di individuazione e di determinazione delle sedi per i cappellani militari - 7.5. L’art. 1533-bis C.O.M.: il divieto di corresponsione di emolumenti accessori e la materia “spirituale e pastorale” - 7.6. La nomina dell’Ordinario militare e del Vicario generale - 7.7. Il regime di assimilazione ai gradi gerarchici per i cappellani militari: nella sostanza non cambia nulla - 7.8. Altre novelle legislative: l’organico dei cappellani; la procedura di nomina; la dismissione dallo stato clericale - 8. Prime tensioni tra Ordinariato militare e amministrazione della Difesa sull’applicazione della legge - 9. Perché nell’Intesa non c’è alcun riferimento alle donne consacrate che operano negli stabilimenti militari? - 10. Conclusioni: il Capo I della legge n. 70 del 2021 come “caso-studio” del decadimento normativo e della crisi del Parlamento.

Some comments on the agreement between the Italian Republic and the Holy See for spiritual assistance to the Catholic members of the Armed Forces

ABSTRACT: Through the application of the Italian Law no. 70/2021, we see the long-awaited revision of the institute of religious assistance to Catholics within the Armed Forces, with the authorization of the ratification of the Exchange of Letters between the President of the Council of Ministers and the Secretary of the Vatican City State (on February 13, 2018) and the related rules for the adaptation of the internal legal system. The new aspects, however, are very limited in scope.

SOMMARIO: 1. La direttiva 1999/70/CE del Consiglio del 28 giugno 1999 relativa all’accordo quadro CES, UNICE e CEEP sul lavoro a tempo determinato e i meccanismi di definizione della politica sociale europea - 2. Cenni sulla disciplina generale del rapporto di lavoro a tempo determinato risultante dal decreto legislativo 6 settembre 2001, n. 368, attuativo della direttiva 1999/70/CE, e dal decreto legislativo 15 giugno 2015, n. 81 - 3. La posizione ricoperta dall’insegnante di religione nell’ambito dell’ordinamento del personale docente della scuola - 4. La vertenza riguardante gli insegnanti di religione cattolica e le questioni pregiudiziali sottoposte alla Corte di giustizia - 5. L’eventuale incidenza dell’impegno dell’Unione a salvaguardare lo status previsto per le confessioni religiose dal diritto nazionale (art. 17 TFUE) - 6. La tutela antidiscriminatoria degli insegnanti di religione: a) l’assenza di una discriminazione per motivi di religione rispetto alla posizione degli altri supplenti della scuola pubblica - 7. (segue) b) L’inapplicabilità della clausola 4 dell’Accordo quadro - 8. La prevenzione degli abusi della successione dei contratti a tempo determinato per gli insegnanti di religione: in particolare le “ragioni obiettive” che possono giustificare il rinnovo - 9. Conclusioni.

The Employment Relationship of Religious Education Teachers in Italian State Schools before the Court of Justice of the European Union

ABSTRACT: The Italian legislation excludes the transformation of successive fixed-term contracts into contracts of indefinite duration in the teaching sector. This also applies to Catholic religious education teachers. The present paper analyses the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in case C-282/19, which dealt with the issue of the compatibility of such a rule with the framework agreement on fixed-term work concluded by ETUC, UNICE and CEEP (annexed to Council Directive 1999/70/EC of 28 June 1999) and with the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion (Article 21 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union; Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000). According to the Author, the Court’s final indication for the referring court, to verify whether an interpretation of the national provisions which is consistent with the framework agreement is possible, is not easily practicable, because the “obligation on a national court to refer to the content of a directive when interpreting and applying the relevant rules of domestic law […] cannot serve as the basis for an interpretation contra legem”, as noted by the Court.

SOMMAIRE: 1. Introduction: paradigmes de relations et droit à la liberté religieuse, de l’identité à la tension - 2. Des paradigmes des relations État-Églises au droit à la liberté religieuse - 3. La force attractive des paradigmes dans le scénario européen contemporain - 4. Les paradigmes des relations État-Églises dans la nouvelle arène internationale - 5. Conclusion: une citoyenneté inachevée.

The “European Right” to Religious Freedom and Paradigms of State-Religion Relations in Contemporary Europe: a thorny cacophony

ABSTRACT: The article examines the dialectic between European national models of religious freedom and the paradigm of religious freedom shaped in the international order and in particular by the human rights discourse. The analysis of the relationship between the modern - national-centered - and the contemporary - individual-centered - paradigm of religious freedom reveals, on the one hand, the difficult but inevitable osmosis between legal systems in a multilevel system of rights protection and, on the other hand, the deep transformation of religious freedom in contemporary Europe.

SOMMARIO: 1. Una “nota verbale” non senza precedenti - 2. Le garanzie offerte dal diritto interno - 3. La preferenza ecclesiastica per la via diplomatica - 4. L’ingerenza secondo il trattato lateranense - 5. L’art. 4 del d.d.l. - 6. L’art. 7 del d.d.l. - 7. Il self-restraint sulle criticità della tutela dell’identità di genere - 8. Cause ed effetti della “nota verbale” - Appendice.

The Holy See and the Zan Bill on the subject of LGBTQ Defence

ABSTRACT: The diplomatic “parol note” by which the Holy See participated on the Zan bill is a formally incorrect deed but substantially reduced the protest only to the freedom interests of the Church, without interfering more in the full legislative power of the State in order to give also penal importance to the LGBTQ antidiscriminatory defence.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La confessione dei Testimoni di Geova e il nodo dei principi religiosi tra politica e diritto - 3. Il nodo dell’intesa. Le tappe del negoziato - 4. L’impasse e le difficili vie d’uscita.

On the State-Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses agreement

ABSTRACT: To date, the State-Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses agreement is waiting to complete the procedure within the meaning of article 8, paragraph 3, of the Italian Constitution. The latest statements by the government refer to the need for further information on health matters, evoking the issue of refusal of blood transfusion treatments. On a legal level, there are difficulties in overcoming the impasse in which the agreement is, also because there isn't a legislative discipline of the procedure prefigured in the article 8 of the Constitution; furthermore the statements made in 2016 by the Constitutional Court on the political nature of the government's choices regarding the agreements can be an obstacle. The paper deals with these points, also taking into account the application to the ECHR presented by the Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses against the Italian Republic.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa. Gli anni della mia conoscenza di Jemolo nei quattro anni (1953-1957) dei miei studi nella Facoltà di giurisprudenza a Roma - 2. Considerazioni generali sulla vita e le opere di Jemolo - 3. L’attività didattica e scientifica di Jemolo nel ventennio fascista - 4. I primi anni del secondo dopoguerra. Confessioni, esami di coscienza, ricerca di responsabilità, dubbi, perplessità e interrogativi - 5. Inizio di una nuova storia: il contributo di Jemolo alla vita democratica in Italia - 6. Il modello del concordato per la disciplina dei rapporti fra stato italiano e chiesa cattolica - 7. La voce della coscienza: la coscienza laica. Laicità e separazione tra Stato e chiese - 8. Partecipazione di Jemolo alla commissione per la revisione del concordato - 9. Gli anni settanta del Novecento - 10. Conclusione.

Arturo Carlo Jemolo and the ecclesiastic Law

ABSTRACT: The scientific work of Arturo Carlo Jemolo in the years of liberal, fascist and democratic Italy (1905-1981).  A project for a secular and democratic Italy: dreams, hopes, illusions and disappointments.  Freedom, dubious, moral conscience. The separation between State and Catholic Church. Division between believers (in the catholic religion) and nonbelievers.

SOMMARIO: 1. Un contrasto “accademico” - 2. Sulla possibilità di porre restrizioni all’effettivo esercizio delle libertà democratiche garantite dalla Costituzione: condizioni e limiti - 3. La necessità del ricorso al principio e al test di proporzionalità - 4. L’occasione mancata di un proficuo confronto - 5. Gli effetti secondari (ma non troppo) della pandemia: “fratture” e “passaggi” - 6. Alla declinante bilateralità in senso stretto si affianca la concertazione in ascesa: prospettive e vuoti – 7. I rischi della bilateralità “diffusa” – 8. Un cenno finale.

The "secondary” (yet not unimportant) effects of the pandemic on the Italian law and religion and its sources.

The author explains the reasons why the limitations of freedom of worship have been an issue of secondary interest to him during the pandemic. He stresses how the topic should be examined indipendently, as the limitations have affected all the democratic freedoms. The pandemic has made it clear that religious freedom cannot be considered as a “special right”. As other foundamental rights, this should also be subject to reasonable accommodation. The pandemic has also allowed the scholars to consider using new types of administrative arrangements to replace the “classic” agreements between the State and the religious organisations (“concordati” and “intese”).

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Libertà di culto e pandemia - 3. Logica deontica e bilancia costituzionale - 4. Le critiche agli interventi governativi - 5. Logica giuscostituzionale - 6. Libertas ecclesiae e pandemia - 7. Conclusioni e prospettive.

Constitution and Religion in Italy in a Time of Pandemic

ABSTRACT: In the first half of 2020, in Italy the coronavirus (Covid-19) has spread quickly, putting the country in an unprecedented emergency. From here stemmed the Government’s measures, which were (and are) without parallel in the history of the Italian State. These measures have led to an animated debate, especially when associated to the limitations imposed on the public liturgical life of the Catholic Church. That was also incorporated into the discussion concerning the long-standing principle-method of bilateralism, as established in Articles 7.2 and 8.3 of the Italian Constitution. With this article the Author analyses this debate in the light of the constitutional duty to protect human health, in the individual and collective sense of the terms.

SOMMARIO: 1. La bilateralità “necessaria” e i suoi limiti - 2. Le intese apicali e il generale regime di libertà religiosa - 3. Le intese paraconcordatarie e la delegificazione - 4. La bilateralità “diffusa” e le intese ulteriori - 5. Le differenti bilateralità: una questione di metodo?

The "new agreements" State - religious denominations between necessary bilateralism and broad bilateralism

ABSTRACT: The paper analyzes the system of sources of Italian ecclesiastical law in its two pillars of agreed rules and unilateral rules. The former are necessarily the result of an agreement between different legal systems because they govern the specific relations between the State and individual religious denominations, that is, between sovereign and autonomous entities in their respective orders. The unilateral rules, on the other hand, fall under State jurisdiction because they aim to regulate rights and procedures relating to the generic freedom of conscience of believers, non-believers and other believers. Nevertheless, even in this second area, bilateralism between the State and ethical-religious groups is increasingly being practiced. However, this must not strictly condition State autonomy in the political order, but must aim to enhance the democratic tool of dialogue, as broad as possible, between institutions and intermediate bodies. The two forms of bilateralism (the necessary one and the broad one) are in fact structured within the processes which grant ethical-religious issues varied legal forms and give rise to different types of sources. It is essential that institutional practice does not artfully confuse the two described "bilateralisms", ending up surreptitiously managing all the heterogeneous and plural ethical-religious factor through a single, heavy and comfortable, bureaucratic method based on mere political discretionality.