Contenuti per la categoria: Concordati, intese e altri accordi

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa. Gli anni della mia conoscenza di Jemolo nei quattro anni (1953-1957) dei miei studi nella Facoltà di giurisprudenza a Roma - 2. Considerazioni generali sulla vita e le opere di Jemolo - 3. L’attività didattica e scientifica di Jemolo nel ventennio fascista - 4. I primi anni del secondo dopoguerra. Confessioni, esami di coscienza, ricerca di responsabilità, dubbi, perplessità e interrogativi - 5. Inizio di una nuova storia: il contributo di Jemolo alla vita democratica in Italia - 6. Il modello del concordato per la disciplina dei rapporti fra stato italiano e chiesa cattolica - 7. La voce della coscienza: la coscienza laica. Laicità e separazione tra Stato e chiese - 8. Partecipazione di Jemolo alla commissione per la revisione del concordato - 9. Gli anni settanta del Novecento - 10. Conclusione.

Arturo Carlo Jemolo and the ecclesiastic Law

ABSTRACT: The scientific work of Arturo Carlo Jemolo in the years of liberal, fascist and democratic Italy (1905-1981).  A project for a secular and democratic Italy: dreams, hopes, illusions and disappointments.  Freedom, dubious, moral conscience. The separation between State and Catholic Church. Division between believers (in the catholic religion) and nonbelievers.

SOMMARIO: 1. Un contrasto “accademico” - 2. Sulla possibilità di porre restrizioni all’effettivo esercizio delle libertà democratiche garantite dalla Costituzione: condizioni e limiti - 3. La necessità del ricorso al principio e al test di proporzionalità - 4. L’occasione mancata di un proficuo confronto - 5. Gli effetti secondari (ma non troppo) della pandemia: “fratture” e “passaggi” - 6. Alla declinante bilateralità in senso stretto si affianca la concertazione in ascesa: prospettive e vuoti – 7. I rischi della bilateralità “diffusa” – 8. Un cenno finale.

The "secondary” (yet not unimportant) effects of the pandemic on the Italian law and religion and its sources.

The author explains the reasons why the limitations of freedom of worship have been an issue of secondary interest to him during the pandemic. He stresses how the topic should be examined indipendently, as the limitations have affected all the democratic freedoms. The pandemic has made it clear that religious freedom cannot be considered as a “special right”. As other foundamental rights, this should also be subject to reasonable accommodation. The pandemic has also allowed the scholars to consider using new types of administrative arrangements to replace the “classic” agreements between the State and the religious organisations (“concordati” and “intese”).

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Libertà di culto e pandemia - 3. Logica deontica e bilancia costituzionale - 4. Le critiche agli interventi governativi - 5. Logica giuscostituzionale - 6. Libertas ecclesiae e pandemia - 7. Conclusioni e prospettive.

Constitution and Religion in Italy in a Time of Pandemic

ABSTRACT: In the first half of 2020, in Italy the coronavirus (Covid-19) has spread quickly, putting the country in an unprecedented emergency. From here stemmed the Government’s measures, which were (and are) without parallel in the history of the Italian State. These measures have led to an animated debate, especially when associated to the limitations imposed on the public liturgical life of the Catholic Church. That was also incorporated into the discussion concerning the long-standing principle-method of bilateralism, as established in Articles 7.2 and 8.3 of the Italian Constitution. With this article the Author analyses this debate in the light of the constitutional duty to protect human health, in the individual and collective sense of the terms.

SOMMARIO: 1. La bilateralità “necessaria” e i suoi limiti - 2. Le intese apicali e il generale regime di libertà religiosa - 3. Le intese paraconcordatarie e la delegificazione - 4. La bilateralità “diffusa” e le intese ulteriori - 5. Le differenti bilateralità: una questione di metodo?

The "new agreements" State - religious denominations between necessary bilateralism and broad bilateralism

ABSTRACT: The paper analyzes the system of sources of Italian ecclesiastical law in its two pillars of agreed rules and unilateral rules. The former are necessarily the result of an agreement between different legal systems because they govern the specific relations between the State and individual religious denominations, that is, between sovereign and autonomous entities in their respective orders. The unilateral rules, on the other hand, fall under State jurisdiction because they aim to regulate rights and procedures relating to the generic freedom of conscience of believers, non-believers and other believers. Nevertheless, even in this second area, bilateralism between the State and ethical-religious groups is increasingly being practiced. However, this must not strictly condition State autonomy in the political order, but must aim to enhance the democratic tool of dialogue, as broad as possible, between institutions and intermediate bodies. The two forms of bilateralism (the necessary one and the broad one) are in fact structured within the processes which grant ethical-religious issues varied legal forms and give rise to different types of sources. It is essential that institutional practice does not artfully confuse the two described "bilateralisms", ending up surreptitiously managing all the heterogeneous and plural ethical-religious factor through a single, heavy and comfortable, bureaucratic method based on mere political discretionality.

SOMMARIO: 1. Cenni introduttivi - 2. Le limitazioni normative alle libertà personali - 3. Il dialogo e la collaborazione delle autorità statali con le autorità religiose e morali del Paese - 4. La libertà religiosa tra preparazione e prima attuazione della fase del cosiddetto deconfinamento - 5. La decisione del Conseil d’État e il successivo intervento governativo - 6. Il graduale ritorno alla “normalità”. Brevi conclusioni interlocutorie.

The French way to the restriction of freedoms and the dialogue with religions at the time of the coronavirus

ABSTRACT: The essay focuses on the French legal system at the time of the Coronavirus and the analysis of two different profiles, even if they are intimately related to each other. The first involves the analysis of the legal mechanisms through which the State has achieved the restriction of personal freedoms, including religious freedom. The second, instead, essentially concerns the analysis of the relations maintained, in this circumstance, by the State institutions, with the different religious groups and conversely.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. La cronaca: come sono nati i protocolli - 3. Un metodo laico.

The "Protocols for the resumption of religious ceremonies": the first signal of a new season in the Italian ecclesiastical politics

ABSTRACT: In Italy the religions have signed with the Government some protocols for the resumption of religious ceremonies after the lockdown for the Covid-19 emergency. Those protocols are an important step in the way of an effective protection of religious freedom in a pluralistic society. The protocols inaugurate a new season in the relationships between the religions and the state in Italy.

SOMMARIO: - Parte Prima. Un virus tra Stato e Chiesa cattolica - 1. Brevi considerazioni introduttive - 2. Misure di contenimento della diffusione della malattia da Covid-19 in Italia: il quadro normativo - 3. Le (cogenti) misure restrittive sull’esercizio del culto - 4. Limiti alla libertà della missione pastorale ed alla libera organizzazione del pubblico esercizio del culto, del magistero e del ministero spirituale della Chiesa cattolica - 5. Un virus nei principi di bilateralità e degli ordini distinti - Parte Seconda. Limiti alla libertà religiosa ed all’esercizio del culto nell’emergenza sanitaria - 6. Strumenti normativi per fronteggiare la crisi sanitaria e questioni di legittimità: brevi cenni - 7. Libertà religiosa e diritto alla salute: bilanciamento tra diritti fondamentali - 8. L’anima dei cives-fideles ai tempi del coronavirus.

Souls quarantine of the cives-fideles. The exercise of worship in the health emergency from Covid-19 in Italy

ABSTRACT: The Italian government has issued regulatory provisions during the lockdown due to health emergency from Covid-19, in order to prevent the spread of epidemiological outbreaks. These new rules have not fulfilled the agreements made with Catholic Church, specificly article 2 of Agreement 1984, especially about the freedom of management and organization of pastoral activities, and they have imposed serious restrictions on the right to religious freedom too. In particular, in order to avoid gatherings, the emergency rules have suppressed the religious ceremonies, as well as masses and last rites. Only recently the right to exercise worship was partially allowed and on May 7th, 2020, a Protocol was signed with Italian Episcopal Conference for the gradual reopening of the celebrations coram populo. The issue concerns the balance between the right to health and the rights of freedom. The question is whether this balance of rights was correctly applied.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. I pezzi si muovono sulla scacchiera - 3. Azioni e reazioni (cenni) - 4. La libertà religiosa non è a rischio: il problema sta altrove - 5. “Predicare bene e razzolare male” - 6. Un protocollo ti salva la vita - 7. Un passo avanti … e due indietro - Appendice.

Short remarks on the governance of religious practices between egalitarian requests and complaisant solutions

ABSTRACT: In Italy, in the context of the Covid-19 emergency, issues concerning the governance of religious practices have emerged and have been faced by different religious groups. In this contribution political and legal distortions are analyzed in the context of the non-coherent (according to the author) reading of the constitutional framework by the Italian government.

SOMMARIO: 1. Costituzione, neutralità e cooperazione - 2. La nomina degli arcivescovi, vescovi e coadiutori - 3. Nomina del vicariato militare - 4. Notifica della denuncia di azioni criminali - 5. Autonomia della Chiesa e diritti fondamentali dei suoi fedeli - 6. Assistenza religiosa - 7. Insegnamento della religione cattolica - 8. Creazione e gestione delle università cattoliche - 9. Finanziamento sulla base dell’IRPEF - 10. Finanziamento indiretto - 11. Alcune conclusioni.

Agreements between Spain and the Holy See. Doubts about their constitutionality and need for change

ABSTRACT: The Agreements between Spain and the Holy See were signed forty years ago, and there are still doubts about their constitutionality. This paper studies the main topics related to the agreements from the constitutional perspective: the participation of the head of the State in the appointment of bishops (particularly the Military Vicar General); the teaching of the Catholic religion in the public school; the Catholic military chaplains in the armed forces; or the public financing of the Catholic Church through the personal income tax. Finally, the paper analyzes the agreements as a technique of cooperation between the State and the Catholic Church.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. La democrazia in pericolo? - 3. La libertà religiosa tra Costituzione e Concordato - 4. Sulla libertas Ecclesiae e sulle regole del diritto internazionale - 5. Le trattative diplomatiche de facto tra la CEI e il Governo e il dibattito pubblico - 6. Il FEC e il (mancato) trasferimento della proprietà delle chiese con personalità giuridica in favore dell’autorità ecclesiastica: un case study.

Trifles for a pandemic

ABSTRACT: The emergency regulations for the containment of Covid-19 as well as affecting religious freedom (art. 19 of the Italian Constitution) can also be relevant from the point of view of the bilaterality of the pact between the Italian State and the Holy See by opening up to the principles of international law and the Vienna Convention the entrance to the list of instruments that can be applied for the solution of the problem, alongside the usual pragmatic instruments of realpolitik.