Contenuti per la categoria: Islam

SOMMARIO: 1. La condizione giuridica dell’Islam italiano, note introduttive - 2. Le “ortoprassi” islamiche nell’area di sovrapposizione col diritto comune - 3. Critica della prospettiva d’intesa unitaria, vista ex partibus infidelium e ipotesi giuridica per una “concertazione diffusa d’intese”.

Past and Future of the Muslim Minority in Italy, between Islamophobia, and Legal (Pragmatist) Pluralism.

ABSTRACT: This article addresses the legal condition of the Muslim minority in Italy, considering the progressive development of the sociological situation of various Muslim communities, approaching to Italy from different Islamic countries (from Morocco to Somalia, from Tunisia to Egypt) in the last 20 years. More in detail, the paper analyzes the current limits in the application of the constitutional norms concerning the agreements of cooperation (called “intese”) and Islam, and proposes an alternative and diffuse system of local agreements more fitting with the Islamic political tradition as well as with the fundamental rights of the faithfuls, in an even more parochial and multifaceted society.

Sommario : 1. Introduzione - 2. Libertà di religione ed espressione dell'identità culturale - 3. La costruzione delle moschee - 4. La vestizione del velo - 5. La pratica sommersa delle mutilazioni genitali femminili - 6. Il diritto di famiglia - 7. Il matrimonio - 8. I matrimoni poligamici - 9. I matrimoni forzati - 10. I diritti successori - 11. Ripudio e divorzio - 12. Kafalah e adozione - 13. Conclusioni. La necessaria unitarietà dell'ordinamento giuridico contro la discriminazione. Il caso delle giurisdizioni speciali shariaitiche: un’esperienza da non imitare.

The Cultural Impact of Islamic Mass Immigration on the Italian Legal System

ABSTRACT: Although Italy has been a country with a strong tradition of emigration, only in the last twenty-five years Italians have had to face the social, juridical and cultural problems related to high immigration hosted by this country. The majority of immigrants come from areas with Islamic religious tradition such as Northern and Central Africa and the Middle East. The cultural impact between the Italian Catholic tradition and the newcomers' faith and customs has been very strong, often problematic. The aim of this paper is to investigate the most relevant issues between the cultural and legal aspects of Islamic culture pertaining to immigrants living in Italy with the Italian legal system. The legal areas proposed for the investigation are related to self-determination, personal integrity and family law, especially for analyzing the impact of cultural differences on public policies and social behavior. The methodology used regards a comparative and a multidisciplinary approach.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione – 2. I codici vestimentari sulla spiaggia: il caso del “burkini”: a) La condotta punita; b) La nozione di ordine pubblico; c) La “laicità di emergenza”; d) Il service public balnéaire – 3. Le ordinanze “anti-burkini” davanti al Tribunale amministrativo di Nizza: l’affermarsi di una “laicità di emergenza” – 4. Il Consiglio di Stato riforma l’ordinanza del Tribunale di Nizza – 5. Conclusioni: laicità liberale vs . laicità di emergenza.

ABSTRACT: The paper proposes a reflection on the relationship between religious freedom, laicity and terrorism. The reflection regards France, a country where, after the tragic attacks of Islamist matrix, some mayors have banned the use of burkinis on beaches. Starting from an examination of these measures and some rulings that have concerned them, the analysis focuses on the relationship between laicity, religious freedom and terrorism.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione: il velo nello Stato multiculturale - 2. La “prima ondata” di ordinanze anti-velo e la sentenza n. 3076 del 2008 del Consiglio di Stato - 3. I casi di compressione legittima del diritto alla libertà religiosa individuati dalla sentenza n. 3076 del 2008 - 4. La “seconda ondata” di ordinanze anti-velo e la proposta di modifica della legge n. 152 del 1975 – 5. La “terza ondata” di provvedimenti anti-velo in seguito agli attentati di Parigi del novembre 2015 - 6. Conclusioni: quale margine per un divieto di indossare il velo integrale nell’ordinamento italiano?

Local government bodies and the compression of freedom of religion: the ban on the face veil.

ABSTRACT: During the last decade several Italian local government bodies (and especially Municipalities) attempted to introduce a general ban on the so called “face veil” ( niqab or burqa ) through secondary law, in the absence of a national comprehensive policy on the matter. The aforementioned attempts were, without fail, found illegal by the Council of State and the Constitutional Court. Nonetheless, following the rekindling of the anti-Islamic sentiment in Europe in the aftermath of the 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, we are currently witnessing a “new wave” of local regulation trying to impose a ban on the face veil, based on the claim that, in order to answer the exacerbation of the so called “clash of cultures”, a different balancing of the fundamental rights involved is needed. The author challenges the legality of the new local bans, as well as the compatibility of a general ban on the face veil with the Italian constitutional system.

Nei giorni dello sgomento, del lutto per le atrocità degli attentati terroristici, le ordinanze sindacali sul divieto d’indossare il burqini sulle spiagge francesi hanno avuto il sapore penoso di una farsa fuori luogo, che ha alimentato un “dibattito surrealista” sulla laicità “balneare”. Quei divieti di carattere assoluto sono parsi una ripicca inappropriata, inutile se non dannosa: in questi casi, certo, non era in gioco la necessità di salvaguardare le esigenze fondamentali del “vivre ensemble”, regola derogatoria della libertà di abbigliamento individuata dalla Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo nella decisione della Grande Chambre nel caso S.A.S. c. France del 1° luglio 2014 con riferimento all’uso nello spazio pubblico del burqa, che copre l’intero volto. Quei divieti, si legge in un comunicato dell’Onu, “non rafforzano la sicurezza ma, al contrario, alimentano intolleranza religiosa e discriminazione dei musulmani in Francia, in particolare le donne. La parità di genere non si ottiene regolamentando i vestiti che le donne decidono di portare”.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le pratiche di manipolazioni degli organi genitali femminili – 2. L’art. 583 bis c.p. nella prassi applicativa – 3. La lotta alle mutilazioni e/o lesioni degli organi genitali femminili: strumenti adeguati o perfettibili? – 4. La circoncisione rituale maschile nell’ordinamento italiano – 5. Il differente trattamento giuridico della circoncisione maschile e femminile - 6. La circoncisione rituale maschile tra modalità di esecuzione e aspetti sanitari - 7. Funzione genitoriale, scelte educative e prassi circoncisoria maschile - 8. Conclusioni.

Marks on the body and wounds in the soul. The manipulation of the children's genital organs and violated rights

ABSTRACT : Females’ genital mutilation (FGM) comprises any alteration of the external female genitalia , for non-medical reasons. The practice has negative effects on the health and is a violation of human rights of girls and women. In Italy, according to the art. 583 bis Penal Code, any form of FGM is forbidden, including clitoridectomy, excision, infibulation and any other practice causing similar effects, or causing physical or mental disease. Conversely, male ritual circumcision is allowed. According to the author of this paper, genital manipulation practices on both sexes should be explicitly fought and they should be replaced with symbolic actions, in order to protect the minor’s body and soul.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione – 2. La presenza islamica in Europa – 2.1. Il livello di integrazione dei musulmani nelle città europee – 3. Marketing halal: analisi della religione come "nuova/vecchia" variabile della microsegmentazione – 3.1. Introduzione al marketing halal – 3.2. Interculturalità vs. Religione – 3.3. La religione come "nuovavecchia" variabile della microsegmentazione – 3.4. Marketing halal, un approccio europeo al mercato globale – 4. La banca islamica, strumento per l'inclusione finanziaria dei musulmani – 4.1. Il concetto di esclusione/inclusione finanziaria – 4.2. Misurare il livello di esclusione finanziaria. Un'analisi della situazione attuale – 4.3. Le iniziative per l'inclusione finanziaria a livello mondiale – 4.4. La banca islamica come strumento d’inclusione per i musulmani – 4.4.1. I principi etici della banca islamica – 4.4.2. Le potenziali della banca islamica come strumenti di inclusione sociale – 5. Conclusioni.

ABSTRACT: This work aims to highlight the obstacles of the social, political, economic and financial exclusion of the European Muslims in order to present eventual inclusive solutions. In Europe the Islamic presence is growing because of two main reasons: the immigration fluxes from Asia and from the Islamic Mediterranean countries and the high birth rates of the European Muslim families. Even if part of the European culture presents several features deriving from the Islamic heritage and even if the national and EU legislations present anti-discrimination laws and specific protections for religious freedom, the Muslims have been socially excluded. Furthermore, Islamophobia has been increasing since 9/11 and especially in the recent months after the jihadist attacks in Paris and Brussels. This feeling increased the exception of Muslims from the public and private life in the European countries. Because of these reasons nowadays it is necessary to improve the available normative tools and, at the same time, it seems crucial to adopt a multidisciplinary method that should involve the Islamic banking, that is fundamental for the development of the Islamic European entrepreneurs, or the halal marketing which considers religion as a new/old variable for the microsegmentation of the European market.

Sommario : 1. Premessa - 2. L’Islam in Italia: una confessione religiosa non riconosciuta. - 3. La preliminare questione dei diritti - 4. Islam e questione immigratoria - 5. Natura delle comunità islamiche e laicità dello Stato - 6. Alcuni problemi sui contenuti di un’eventuale intesa - 7. Il pericolo di fughe in avanti - 8. Ostacoli da superare. Il problema dei luoghi di culto - 9. Una piccola proposta: le associazioni con finalità (o oggetto) mista - 10. La questione della rappresentatività. La proposta di una consulta dell’Islam italiano - 11. Il dialogo e la collaborazione a livello locale - 12. Osservazioni conclusive.

Muslim Organisations in Italy: perspectives on an Agreement with the State

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the legal framework of Muslim communities in Italy in order to check the requirements needed to reach an agreement with the State, as envisaged by the Italian Constitution for denominations other than Catholicism, whose relations with the State “are regulated by law, based on agreements with their respective representatives” (Art. 8, co. 3, Const.). Nowadays the problem is a key issue in current political debates both in Italy and in most European countries. This type of agreement could not only promote the social and cultural integration of Muslim communities into society, but also help isolate Islamic terrorists and their supporters in immigrate communities and fight them better. Given that in Italy Muslim communities and their members, including foreign ones, already enjoy all the civil and social rights that are granted by the Constitution to citizens and social groups, the analysis maintains that reaching such an agreement would be for the moment premature, on the basis of a number of reasons. Among these are the following: the deep divisions existing both within and among these communities, due to different ethnic and religious origins and settlement periods in Italy; the difficulty on behalf of the State to identify a reliable negotiating partner (or more than one) who really represents such communities and does not depend from foreign States. Last but not least the very nature of such an agreement appears to be questionable. In fact, on one hand it would bring relevant advantages and public funding but on the other it would also need an unconditional acceptance of human rights and of the fundamental principles of the Italian law system - among which the equality between men and women and State secularism - which still has to be fully acknowledged within these communities.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. La nascita della Lettera - 3. Contenuto della Lettera e commenti - 4. La (flebile) risposta della Santa Sede - 5. Conclusioni.

Sommario : 1. Premessa – 2. La concezione della ricchezza nel mondo musulmano - 3. Il waqf all’interno del sistema dei “ furu al figh ” . Definizione di waqf o hubus - 4. Il Bonyads, le fondazioni di beneficienza nella variante sciita – 5. La struttura del waqf khayrì - 6 . Gli elementi costitutivi delle causae piae e del waqf khayrì a confronto - 7. Il negozio giuridico costitutivo delle causae piae e del waqf khayrì - 8. Caratteri strutturali comuni e analoga funzione dei due istituti giuridici: effetti rispetto ai beni che ne costituiscono l’oggetto - 9. Confronto tra i regimi giuridici relativi al subiectum administrationis nelle causae piae e nel waqf khayrì - 10. Alcune riflessioni conclusive.

The return of waqf

ABSTRACT: The essay reconstruct role and structure of the waqf , typical institution of Islamic law, by a comparison of it with the “ causae piae”, to highlight the concordances and differences, emphasizing the institution's use in the management of the charity and of places of worship in the Muslim ambit, in particular mosques and activities related to them. Particular attention is paid to the activities with social purposes for the realization of the Islamic Welfare, operated by religious communities, with believers support (public waqf ). Frequent are the references to the charity structure in the Anglo-Saxon law. The Autor envisages the opportunity to a number of agreements with the various components of Islam, in which specific parts can find a place, dedicated to waqf as entity inspired by religious reasons, and a review of the general favorable legislation ensured by the State to all religious bodies, and to those who carry out social activities obtaining profit.