SOMMARIO: 1. Rilievi introduttivi – 2. Il trattamento riservato alla religione nelle costituzioni algerine postcoloniali – 3. La disciplina in materia di esercizio dei culti diversi dal musulmano varata nel 2006 – 4. I decreti di esecuzione della normativa de qua – 5. Tendenze evolutive.
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. – 2. I presupposti teologici. – 3. Tendenza teocratica, ma visione profana dei fenomeni normativi. – 4. La doppia faccia della secolarizzazione. – 5. Il costituzionalismo (medievale) cristiano. – 6. Le origini del costituzionalismo occidentale. Fra apolitismo radicale … – 7. (segue) … e messianismo temporale e rivoluzione scientifica. – 8. Westfalia (1648): la territorializzazione del diritto religioso. – 9. La nuova religione della perfetta ragione. – 10. Dalla fine della sovranità westfaliana, al secondo dopoguerra … – 11. … (segue) e alla questione islamica di questo secolo.
ABSTRACT: During the long history of the Western Legal System, Christian religion has been playing a key role in defining some of the pillars of modern constitutionalism. This is evident in respect to important constitutional principles like, for example, the notion of “person”, as established in the article 6 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (“Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law”). At the same time, some theological notions of medieval constitutional thought represented the political pedestal of the absolute sovereignty of the State, which is antithetical to the logic of constitutional legal system. With this article, the Author analyses the way some theological notions of Christianity have been “secularized” – and then “codified” – in the Western constitutional States, influencing the pillars of contemporary democracies. This could explain, for example, why the legal instruments carrying out the relationship State-Churches in certain Western democracies do not work very well as they did in the past. In fact, from time to time, these instruments have been able to create the conditions for a proper interaction – an “overlapping consensus” – between religious groups and public authorities as well as an acceptable balance between universal principles of Western constitutionalism and ethnic-cultural-religious differences. Nowadays, however, these same instruments seem to fail. Precisely because immigration and today’s multicultural societies see masses of people that come to Western Countries with their religious identities and, sometimes, with a global perspective which complicates the century old tension between universal principles – launched by the history of the Western constitutionalism – and the current cultural-religious belongings.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. L’immigrazione islamica in Italia - 3. L’Islam come religione e le sue peculiarità - 4. I tentativi di intesa con lo Stato italiano e le iniziative dello Stato per conoscere l’Islam italiano - 5. Conclusioni.
SOMMARIO: 1. Religione ed economia nella visione occidentale e in quella musulmana – 2. Principi religiosi del sistema economico islamico – 3. Connotazione specificamente religiosa della finanza islamica – 4. Finanza “etica”, finanza “islamica” e “etica economica”.
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduction – 2. Statistical data – 3. The Muslim community – 4. The Jewish community – 5. General overview of the relevant law provisions in Bulgaria – 6. Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia and the political rights according to the domestic legislation – 7. The Law on Protection against Discrimination, the concept of “positive” discrimination and some new case-laws - 8. Religious Rights and Freedoms – 9. Criminal Law – 10. Some conclusions.
ABSTRACT: The article is aimed at presenting briefly the actual legal regulation of protection of the religious rights of the individuals belonging to the Muslim and the Jewish communities in Bulgaria. The author has tried to combine the legal issues with some recent sociological studies on Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia and the related violence and crimes. The phenomena Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia are based on the presence of Muslim and Jewish communities in Bulgaria. The article gives some recent statistical data on Turks (Muslims) and Jews in the country according to the last census in 2011. The focus of the study is on the domestic legislation, especially the political rights, the protection against discrimination, the notion of “positive discrimination”, the religious rights and freedoms and the relevant Bulgarian criminal law. This legal regulation is analyzed in the light of Art. 5, Para. 4 of the Bulgarian Constitution which stipulates the primacy of the obligations under the International Public Law. Some relevant case-law is quoted. The legal analysis demonstrates the fact that there are no legal definitions of “Anti-Semitism” and “Islamophobia”. A general conclusion is drawn about the compatibility of the Bulgarian system for protection of individuals that belong to minorities with the international obligations.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: il sistema spagnolo di relazioni tra Stato e confessioni religiose - 1.1. La libertà di coscienza - 2. Uguaglianza nella libertà - 3. Laicità - 4. La cooperazione dello Stato con le confessioni religiose- 5. Gli accordi con la Chiesa cattolica - 6. Gli accordi con le minoranze religiose - 7. L’immigrazione islamica ed i conflitti con l’ordinamento giuridico spagnolo - 8. Educazione e immigrati islamici - 9. Diritto di famiglia e gli immigrati islamici - 10. Altri conflitti: libertà religiosa e l’immigrazione islamica - 11. Proposta di soluzioni.
SOMMARIO: 1. Preambolo: una (inevitabile) questione di termini – 2. Le minoranze religiose in Italia nell’età federalista – 3. L’associazionismo religioso: il forzato della sussidiarietà orizzontale? – 4. Mimetismo a cascata e processi di istituzionalizzazione - 5 Alcune osservazioni conclusive: riacquistare la vista.
SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. History of and Motivations for the OIC Defamation of Religions Resolutions - 2.a - The OIC Exerts a Concerted Effort to Protect Islam - 2.b - Terrorist Attacks and Danish Cartoons Raise the Stakes - 3. Defamation of Religions: A Permissible Restraint on Freedom of Speech and Expression? - 3.a - History, Basic Elements, and Contemporary Usage of Defamation - 3.b - Interaction Between Defamation of Religions and the Basic Human Rights Enumerated in Major International Instruments - 4. The Evolution of a Resolution - 4.a. 1999-2000: Beginnings - 4.b. 2001: A Pre-9/11 World - 4.c. 2002: Reactions to the Violent Backlash Against Muslims - 4.d. 2003-2004: Fluctuations in Support - 4.e. 2005: Intensification of a Campaign - 4.f. 2006-2007: The Move to the General Assembly - 4.g. 2008: Decreasing Margins of Support - 4.h. 2009: Current Resolution and Recommendations for Application - 5. Consequences of Accepting the Resolutions and Subsequent Enactment of Statutes Designed to Prevent Defamation of Religions - 5.a. Human Rights Committee - 5.b. The European Court of Human Rights - 5.c. Blasphemy, Incitement, and Hate Speech Laws and Their Enforcement - 5.d. Possible Future Statutes and Enforcement Under Defamation of Religions Theory - 6. Alternatives to Defamation of Religions in the U.N. Resolutions - 7. Conclusion.
SUMMARY: 1. Introduction – 2. Relation-Collaboration between the State and Churches in Constitutional Democracies – 3. The laicité à la française Tested by a Deprivatised Religious Process – 3.1. The French Rigid Secularism. Freedom (of Religion) through the State – 4. Canada’s Open Secularism. The Question of Religious-Based Family Law Disputes – 4.1 Reasonable Accommodation and “New” Religious Nomoi Groups – 5. Collaboration-Relation between the State and Churches in Italy – 5.1. The Italian Secularism Tested by the New “Religious Geography” – 6. Conclusion.
ABSTRACT: Under the pressing process of immigration and globalisation many Western constitutional democracies have moved from a number of religions, sharing a common culture, to today's age of diversity. As opposed to the past, the current democracies are facing the lack of overlapping consensus over the basic constitutional laws: namely, the meaning and the scope of freedom of religion, secularism, the separation Church-State, equal treatment and the rule of law. This is because individuals often come to adopt their basic values by very different ways. The nature, scope and force of such values are likely to be affected by competing and, sometimes, contested fundamental values and worldviews. From here stems the pressing tension – or dilemma – between “unity” and “diversity”. This essay starts with general considerations about the freedom of religion principle, strictly related with the “separation” as well as “collaboration” between secular States and Churches; then the author analyses three case-studies (France, Canada and Italy), pointing out some specific legal approaches. In particular he focuses the analyses over the French “droit commun”, the Italian ecclesiastic law and the Canadian arbitral tribunals that, especially in family law, allow disputes to be arbitrated using religious jurisdictions.
SOMMARIO: 1. Considerazioni introduttive – 2. Luci ed ombre in materia di tolleranza e libertà religiosa – 3. La religione in Nigeria come strumento di integrazione nazionale – 4. Attuazione e inattuazione della libertà religiosa nel contesto sociale – 5. La reintroduzione della Shari’a: un problema aperto – 6. Le “sfide” democratiche.
ABSTRACT: With this essay the Author analyses the characteristics of religious freedom in Nigerian legal system, which is considered part of a wider legal phenomenon, what is called the African legal system. Considering the issues related to the religious attitude of the African peoples, and in particular that of the Nigerian ones, the Author underlines the influence exercised by the various religious creeds on other spheres of public life. Besides, in this context one has to take into account the fact that both traditional cultures and political framework have been deeply influenced by the British colonial power. Finally, in this essay the Author also analyses some aspects concerning the fundamental rights in Nigeria, including the religious rights: the way these rights have been recognised and implemented in Nigerian legal system.