Contenuti per la categoria: Religione e diritto

Principle of non-discrimination on the grounds of religion in EU law and national approaches to the "neutrality" of the public employee 

ABSTRACT: For the first time, the Court of Justice of the European Union has been called upon to give a preliminary ruling on prohibition on wearing visible signs of political, philosophical or religious belief imposed by a public employer, from the perspective of the principle of non-discrimination on the grounds of religion enshrine in the Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 (establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation). After a look at principles of State neutrality in France, Germany and Belgium, the paper examines this issue by taking a cue from the Conclusions presented by the Advocate General in case C‑148/22. According to the Author, national identity, to which Article 4(2) TEU refers, leaves in this particular sector a wide margin of discretion to the Member States.

SOMMARIO: 1. Notazioni introduttive - 2. La rivendicazione del diritto della dipendente comunale belga di indossare il velo islamico e l’oggetto della questione sollevata davanti alla Corte di giustizia - 3. Le peculiarità nelle declinazioni nazionali del principio di “neutralità” dei pubblici dipendenti di Francia, Belgio e Germania. La “neutralità esclusiva” francese - 4. (segue) Il caso emblematico della particolare posizione dei genitori che in Francia accompagnano i figli nelle gite scolastiche - 5. (segue) L’approccio tendenzialmente inclusivo della Germania - 6. (segue) Le incertezze interpretative riguardanti la neutralità belga - 7. La sostanziale “privatizzazione” della controversia operata dall’Avvocato generale - 8. Accezioni “forti” e “deboli” di neutralità del pubblico dipendente e il discutibile profilarsi di un loro diverso impatto sull’identità costituzionale degli Stati membri - 9. Una conclusione provvisoria.

A legal monster of the twentieth century: from technological warfare to its humanistic overcoming?

ABSTRACT: The Author attempts to reconsider the dispute that has opened between Russie and Ukraine in the light not only of the evident flagrance of an abrupt, illegitimate ‘punitive expedition’ by Moscow towards a key territory for the control of the Black Sea, but also in the context of the great game of a power confrontation, never really concluded, between the two military blocs, despite the agreements on nuclear desarmament stipulated between Reagan and Gorbachev in the constituent phase of an unprecedented Russian Federation, after the passage from the start of a troubled liquidation of the Stalinism to the announced overcoming of the blockade policy. A context, against which NATO’s failure to comply with the mutual commitment of the two parties to the complete cessation of mutual hostile conduct, prior to perestroika, seems full and flagrant. The essay recognizes in the event the clear failure of an apparent opening of trust towards the post-communist counterpart, internal to the substantial maintenance of an armed peace with a world to be kept for a long time in a sort of quarantine on the margins of “Western civilisation”, for an indefinite period and under the strict control of an internationalized military apparatus of exorbitant dimensions. A dead-end road, destined to produce even partial moments of exploitation of the repressive functions of the UN, rather than supporting its fundamental role of “saving future generations from the scourge of war”. To such a logic the A. tries to escape, in an attempt to bring the cooperation relationships laboriously woven into the fabric of international relation back to a framework of substantial good faith, from human subjects whose trust and honor always seem due, until rigorously proven otherwise; in the belief that progressive success can only come to these relations by restoring a framework that favours the basic ethical choices on the UN statute, as an indispensable background for constructive settling of potential situations of conflict of interest, which arise between member states in the course of their peaceful cooperation towards an orderly sharing of the planet’s resources.

SOMMARIO: 1. Preambolo - 2. La guerra ‘giusta’ in Occidente. Tra Tarda Antichità e Medioevo del diritto - 3. (segue) Evoluzione del problema nell’età dell’imperialismo - 4. Interrogativi sulla resistenza non violenta come verità più profonda sull’uomo - 5. (segue) Fra realismo politico e profezia del Regno (Mt. V, 38-48) - 6. Centralità della Croce: l’imitazione del processo a Gesù negli “Acta martyrum” - 7. (segue) Fede e ragione. Il doppio registro dell’economia salvifica - 8. Quadro sintetico dei residui ostacoli sulla via di un mondo diverso e solidale - 9. (segue) Sull’incompatibilità tra deterrenza e trattativa. L’ammonimento cinese - 10. Etica confuciana, diritto romano, diritto canonico. La Cina, oggi - 11. Dal ‘maschio alfa’ al giudice. Agli albori del divieto di vendetta privata - 12. (segue) Su un’Autorità addetta al controllo dell’aggressività interstatale - 13. Verso una nuova guerra ‘giusta’? Dubbi di fondo sulla nozione di aggressione - 14. Una NATO senza legge verso un gioco, di cui nessuno è responsabile? - 15 (segue) Sottrarre la neutralizzazione all’autonomia degli stati? - 16. È già irricevibile una tardiva ’actio finium regundorum’ sotto garanzia ONU? - 17. Quali altre vie per la missione di una ‘Russia eterna’, nella fraternità dei popoli? - 18 (segue) Quasi una conclusione.

Institutional loyalty, religious fidelity and moral integrity in a democracy

ABSTRACT: The deontological and contractualist ethical approach in support of democracy has limits because it does not respect personal moral autonomy. This does not allow the single person to be loyal to public institutions, faithful to religion and morally consistent. Therefore, a consequentialist approach to the rules is proposed.

SOMMARIO: 1. Democrazia e religione - 2. Laicità e libertà - 3. Ragione e morale.

Is it possible to measure religious or belief minority rights?

ABSTRACT: Is it possible to measure how much the legal systems of the European Union countries respect and promote the rights of religious or belief minorities? Based on the findings of the Atlas of religious or belief minority rights research project (https://atlasminorityrights.eu), this article answers the question in the affirmative. The paper is divided into three parts. The first briefly describes the methodology and techniques used to measure minority rights. They are determined by the answers given to some preliminary questions that are discussed in the second part of the contribution. The last section of the article outlines the purpose and value of measuring religious or belief minority rights.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La misurazione dei diritti delle minoranze di religione e convinzione - 3. L’oggetto e i confini della misurazione - 4. L’utilità della misurazione.

Environmental protection in the Catholic social teaching

ABSTRACT: This short essay aims to analyse the evolution of the Catholic social teaching regarding environmental protection. Starting from a famous article by T. Lynn White in 1966, the Judaic-Christian doctrine on the men-nature relationship has been frequently qualified as a strongly anthropocentric one, being also considered as an ideological premise of men's exploitation of the environment and, as a consequence, of the actual ecological crisis. This contribution, moving from the analysis of the Catholic social teaching on environmental safeguard and of some relevant theological, historical and social issues, explains why this idea needs to be rejected and try to imagine which role the Catholic Church, and Christianity in general, can have in facing the environmental crisis in the future.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Il rapporto uomo-ambiente nel contesto teologico contemporaneo - 3. Nascita e primo sviluppo del magistero pontificio in materia di tutela ambientale. - 4. Questione ambientale, interesse sociale e responsabilità morale - 5. Cultura, morale e rispetto dell’ambiente - 6. Le prospettive di una ecologia integrale - 7. Riflessioni conclusive.

A "bloodhound" at the “Last Supper”: religious references in commercial communication under scrutiny by the Italian Advertising Self-Regulation Institute

ABSTRACT: Since the birth of commercial advertising there has been a widespread use of religious references in the creation of promotional material, in some cases even distorting, trivializing, or exploiting the representations of the Sacred symbols. So, it is important to properly to understand whether and within what limits the use of religious references in advertising should be admitted, as well as the possible protection that can be granted to religious sentiment which may be harmed by such use. Starting from the recent case relating to the segugio.it commercial, this contribution examines the issue with regard to the provisions contained in an important soft law instrument of the Italian legal system, i.e. the Advertising Self-Regulatory Code, and the rulings made in its application by the decision-making bodies of the Advertising Self-Regulation Institute.

SOMMARIO: 1. I riferimenti religiosi nella pubblicità commerciale - 2. La disciplina italiana della pubblicità commerciale in relazione al sentimento religioso e il Codice di Autoregolamentazione della Comunicazione Commerciale - 3. Il concetto di offesa al sentimento religioso delineato dalle pronunce dell’I.A.P. - 4. I precedenti “usi” pubblicitari dell’Ultima Cena - 5. Un tentativo di conclusione.

From hate speech to hate crime. A difficult balancing act

ABSTRACT: The work reconstructs the transition from hate speech to hate crime, through a reconstruction of comparative and supranational law, highlighting the difficult balancing of interests that underlies it with the related problems of the taxability and determinacy of the incriminating case.

Sommario: 1. Un breve chiarimento terminologico - 2. Bilanciamento e “legalità”: compatibilità e conflitti - 3. Libertà di espressione e meritevolezza di pena del discorso di odio - 4. Problemi di tassatività e di determinatezza del discorso di odio - 5. Uso e abuso del ricorso al bilanciamento. Alcuni casi scelti - 6. La crisi del bilanciamento: la nascita dei “super-diritti” e il ricorso al principio di proporzionalità.

Digital jihadism. Freedom of religion, security, democracy

ABSTRACT: The Digital Revolution and the emergence of the Algorithmic Society made difficult the relationship between security and liberty. On the one hand, the digitalizing of terrorism and extremism has put in danger the public safety, due to misuse of social media and platform to radicalize (lone wolves), recruit, train or planning terrorist attacks. On the other hand, the public-private model of governance of speech has endangered the freedom of religion and speech, by permitting private actors to censure users, through AI and without the shield of the rule of law, under the cloak of freedom of contracts. This paper analyzes the state of the art, trying to draw a perimeter for the study of underlying issues and relationship between religion, democracy and security in the digital era.

Re-thinking social inclusion in the sustainability’s perspective

ABSTRACT: This essay critically discusses some theoretical problems related to the relationship between social inclusion and sustainability. In particular, it highlights that this is a two-way relationship that takes place within the representation of a concrete universal. The reflection is divided into three moments: first, the concept of sustainability is investigated in relation to the idea of future and then the concept of inclusion is investigated in relation to both identity and participation.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Un futuro possibile, un futuro in comune - 3. Inclusione e identità - 4. Inclusione e partecipazione.