Contenuti per la categoria: Patrimonio ecclesiastico

SOMMARIO: 1. Considerazioni introduttive - 2. Il quadro delle posizioni della dottrina e l’orientamento della giurisprudenza - 3. L’impignorabilità delle cose sacre prevista dall’art. 514, n. 1 c.p.c. e le asimmetrie con la disciplina prevista dall’art. 831, secondo comma, c.c. - 4. L’ambito applicativo del divieto di “espropriazione” degli edifici di culto contenuto nella legislazione bilaterale - 5. Le conseguenze della limitata attitudine del bene a essere oggetto di negozi e delle eccezionali condizioni di un suo utilizzo redditizio - 6. Conclusioni.

On the matter of whether religious buildings are assets exempt from execution

ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to answer the question of wheter religious buildings are assets exempt from execution. To do so, the Author examines specifically the protection offered to places of Catholic worship by the Agreement, with additional Protocol, between Italy and the Holy See, signed in Rome on 18 February 1984 (amending the Lateran Concordat of 11 February 1929). In the following of the article, a “de facto” incompatibility between proceeding of execution and some features of these goods is highlighted.

SOMMARIO: 1. Libertà e diritti fondamentali - 2. Amministrazione e diritto alla salute - 3. Amministrazione e diritto all'unità familiare, all'istruzione e alle prestazioni sociali - 4. Amministrazione e diritto di proprietà - 5. Per una effettività dei diritti fondamentali attraverso l'amministrazione.

Public Administration and Fundamental Rights

ABSTRACT: Moving from a brief historical reconstruction, the present contribution examines the theme of fundamental rights, focusing in particular on those that are ultimately the subject of profound debate, such as the right to health, especially due to the implications it presents with other highly discussed issues such as, for example, the end-of-life, as well as the right to family unity, with particular reference to foreigners. He also pauses to analyze more traditional fundamental rights such as the right to property and the right to education.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Lo stato dell’arte - 3. Enti ecclesiastici e Ets - 4. Enti ecclesiastici e libertà d’impresa - 5. Coerenza fra gli obblighi imposti dalla legge italiana e quelli previsti dal diritto canonico - 6. La scelta di adeguarsi alle norme italiane. I singoli adempimenti necessari. a) il regolamento - b) il patrimonio destinato - c) le scritture contabili.

Canon property law issues. Some thoughts around the obligations arising from the new Italian Third Sector law

ABSTRACT: The new Italian law in the field of the Third Sector provides for some burden on civilly recognized religious bodies, among which there are also Catholic ecclesiastical bodies. This paper deals with the canonical consequences of these obligations related to the general principles of Church law, as they are stated in the Code of Canon Law and the particular Italian canon law. The fulfillment of these government obligations is obviously not mandatory, however in many cases it may be timely, especially for institutions that already enjoy tax benefits that they could lose if they did not comply with the deadlines established by this new Italian law. Nevertheless, the central question is to verify whether certain obligations are lawful according to the Canon law. The essay raises the question of the provision of an “earmarked stock” and “internal rules” additional to their canonical Statutes, and especially the canonic assessment of commercial activities. If it is true that one has the right to do anything, but not everything is beneficial or constructive, catholic religious bodies should mind some questions before deciding to follow this law.

SOMMARIO: Sistemi di classificazione dei rapporti e individuazione degli interlocutori istituzionali delle confessioni religiose - 2. Il “laboratorio” dell’Europa dell’Est come luogo di sperimentazione del pluralismo intra confessionale - 3. La gestione delle relazioni tra Stato e confessioni religiose attraverso gli uffici - 4. I problemi nuovi posti dal moltiplicarsi delle confessioni nei diversi paesi europei - 4.1. L’area baltica - 4.2. (segue) Le Repubbliche russofone - 4.3. (segue) Le Repubbliche dell’Europa Centrale - 4.4. (segue) I Balcani Orientali - 4.5. (segue) I territori della ex Repubblica Jugoslava - 4.6. (segue) Le scelte differenziate delle Repubbliche ex jugoslave in materia di Rapporti tra Stato e confessioni religiose - 5. La felice anomalia albanese - 6. Un contributo all’elaborazione di linee guida ai rapporti tra Stato e confessioni religiose in Europa.

Confessions and religious communities in Eastern Europe, religious pluralism and legislative policies of the States

ABSTRACT: The intervention reconstructs the supporting lines of the activity of the national office of each legal system in charge with the maintenance of the relations between the State and the confessions and religious communities in the Eastern European countries. Through this perspective, the ecclesiastical politics of 19 countries is reconstructed, highlighting the genesis and the peculiar characteristics of their legislations and highlighting the underlying lines that are at the root of the choices of their systems. Particular attention is dedicated to the definition of the different models to which the States refer in relation to their effectiveness in maintaining religious peace while respecting the principle of equality and freedom among the various religious confessions. The article aims to be a contribution to the development of guidelines for relations between the state and religious confessions in Europe.
 

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction to the role of UNESCO in defining, respecting and implementing Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: a general analysis - 2. The right to participate freely in cultural life: the specific UNESCO's involvement in the field of religious rights - 3. IHL Dimension linked to UNESCO's Legislative Powers to Protect the Cultural Heritage in the Event of Armed Conflict or Occupation - 4. UNESCO's Actions to Preserve the Cultural Heritage in Syria and Iraq: A comparative framework - 5. The Legal Status of Jerusalem and the management of the Holy Places: Jerusalem in a Nutshell - 6. UNESCO's past interventions in Jerusalem: a legal basis for future interventions - 7. The Mughrabi Gate Ascent - 8. The 2008 Action Plan for the Safeguarding of the Cultural Heritage of the Old City of Jerusalem - 9. UNESCO, Resolution 200 EX/PX/DR.25.2:“Occupied Palestine” - 10. Conclusions.

ABSTRACT: The current dissertation is mainly going to analyse the original contribution of UNESCO to the development of the concept of cultural rights through the proclamation and elaboration of normative instruments and strategies concerning the right to the protection of and access to the cultural (religious) heritage in contested areas. Since 1967, UNESCO has increasingly played a dominant role in the Old city of Jerusalem: it exercised its power in the field of the preservation of cultural heritage in a contested area, not only through practical plans, but also through legislative instruments and Resolutions. A peculiar political contest is still challenging the full exercise of its powers and the applicability of the main human rights treaty dealing with the preservation of cultural heritage in a contest of competing sovereignty. The essay, drawing on UNESCO's past restoration experiences in ancient (Aleppo, 1992) and post-conflict (Iraq, 2003) areas, focuses on the conciliation role that the Agency may potentially play in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

SOMMARIO: 1. La riforma del Terzo settore - 2. Enti ecclesiastici e riforma del Terzo settore - 3. Le condizioni per l’applicazione del regime del Terzo settore agli enti ecclesiastici - 3.1. Il regolamento - 3.2. Il patrimonio destinato - 3.3. La tenuta di scritture contabili separate - 4. Le possibili soluzioni organizzative - 4.1. Il “ramo” dell’ente ecclesiastico - 4.2. Il “gruppo” dell’ente ecclesiastico - 5. Una rete associativa per gli enti del Terzo settore ecclesiastici?

The reform of non-profit organizations and Church bodies: a cost, a risk or an opportunity?

ABSTRACT: While many institutional activities of Church bodies fall within the scope of the recent reform of Italian law on non-profit organizations ("NPOs"), the specific features of Church bodies prevent from a straightforward application of the new regime. Therefore, the Code for the Third Sector and the Act on Social Enterprises allow Church bodies to access the tax exemptions and the other benefits provided to NPOs as far as they comply with a set of conditions aimed at bridging the differences between Church bodies and secular NPOs. The paper (1) discusses in details these conditions, (2) offers a critical evaluation of costs, risks, and opportunities related to the new regime, and (3) suggests possible organizational structures to comply with the current system.

SOMMARIO: 1. Considerazioni introduttive - 2. Premesse a una ricostruzione dello statuto dei beni culturali - 3. Il passaggio da una tutela “statica” a una valorizzazione “in chiave dinamica” - 4. Inquadramento dell’attività di valorizzazione nell’ambito dei “servizi pubblici” - 5. La possibile estensione dei processi di gestione (e di valorizzazione) ideati per i beni culturali “laici” - e ispirati a criteri economici - anche ai beni culturali di interesse religioso: la necessità dell’accordo - 6. L’organizzazione di un “servizio alla cultura” ispirato a criteri di natura economica - 7. Tentativo di individuazione dei beni culturali di interesse religioso e possibile compatibilità della gestione secondo criteri economici con la natura di questi ultimi - 8. Beni culturali religiosi e “mistero” di salvezza - 9. La programmazione e la pianificazione delle attività relative ai beni culturali (di appartenenza pubblica e non) ed esempi di modelli “condivisi”.

An "UNESCO model" for the economic management of cultural heritage of religious interest?

ABSTRACT: The article is intended to verify if the "UNESCO" management model is applicable to the management of cultural heritage of religious interest, tout court, or if, otherwise, special arrangement are required. Indeed, the UNESCO one is a model not only of dualistic management, (which implies a bilateral agreement), but moreover is inspired by purely economic management criteria. The question is whether a model created for secular cultural heritage can be assumed as a management model also for cultural heritage of religious interest, whose purpose would seem to be incompatible with the characteristics of purely economic management. The author tries to give an answer identifying the common features between the two categories of heritage.

SOMMARIO: 1. Riforma del Terzo settore e servizio della carità nella Chiesa - 2. La riforma del Terzo settore e le nuove sfide per gli enti ecclesiastici - 3. Il Motu proprio “Intima Ecclesiae natura” e l’evoluzione dell’ordinamento canonico - 4. Il Codice del Terzo settore e la sua applicazione agli enti ecclesiastici - 5. Implicazioni per gli enti della Chiesa: l’esigenza di trasparenza - 6. Il principio della trasparenza nella dottrina canonistica - 7. Il “patrimonio destinato”: implicazioni nell’ordinamento canonico - 8. Attività diverse e controlli canonici: la sfida della governance e della gestione in un contesto concordatario - 9. Osservazioni conclusive.

Catholic Church entities and the reform of the Third sector in Italian legislation. Canonical implications

ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the canonical implications of Italy’s recent Third sector reform in Italian legislation (d. lgs n. 117/2017) for Catholic Church entities and/or agencies for charitable purposes. It starts with some preliminary remarks on the recent evolution of Canon Law concerning the discipline of charitable organizations and agencies that followed the Motu proprio Intima Ecclesiae natura, issued by Pope Benedict XVI in December 2012. It then examines the general framework of the new regulation of non profit organizations in Italian law, emphasizing the pros and cons (opportunities and risks) of its application to religious entities, particularly those connected to the Catholic Church, which in Italy traditionally enjoy a special discipline safeguarding their canonical structure and purposes. The paper then focuses on the impact of the new civil regulation that allows a wide range of charitable initiatives on behalf of religious organizations, on the governance of Catholic Church entities, which are submitted to the directives and authorizations of ecclesiastical authorities. Finally, it draws some conclusive remarks on the need to update and reform some administrative rules and praxis concerning the administration and finance of charitable institutions in Canon Law.

SOMMARIO – I. Parte descrittiva: 1. Gli enti della Chiesa: varietà e distinzioni - 2. Enti ecclesiastici e ordinamenti secolari tra dimensione istituzionale e associativa - 3. La disciplina degli enti nelle due codificazioni canoniche - 4. Gli enti della Chiesa tra concordati e diritto comune - 4.1. Sistemi concordatari o di collaborazione - 4.1.1. Area tedesca - 4.1.2. Area latina - 4.2. Sistemi separatisti - 4.2.1. Area francofona - 4.2.2. Paesi di tradizione anglosassone - 4.2.3. Modelli a confronto - II. Parte ricostruttiva: - 5. Elementi di novità nel regime degli enti nel diritto secolare - 5.1. Pluralismo, libertà religiosa e laicità dello Stato - 5.2. Gruppi religiosi e appartenenza confessionale - 5.3. Crisi del sistema delle fonti - 5.4. Evoluzione del concetto di persona giuridica - 5.5. Crisi della distinzione tra enti pubblici ed enti privati - 5.6. Sviluppo del Terzo settore - 5.7. Effetti ulteriori della globalizzazione - 6. Fattori evolutivi nell’ordinamento ecclesiale ed enti ecclesiastici - 6.1. Forme organizzative e modello codificatorio - 6.2. Persone giuridiche ed enti nella Chiesa - 6.3. Modelli di amministrazione interna - 6.4. Istituti religiosi - 6.5. Riforma delle strutture ecclesiali: le diocesi e le parrocchie - 6.6. Riforma delle strutture ecclesiali e autonomia statutaria - 6.7. Attività svolte in forma commerciale e finanziarie - 7. Osservazioni conclusive.

Entities of the Church and Secular Law

ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the complex relationship between Catholic Church entities and secular law, which has always had great relevance and impact on the canonical discipline of such institutions. After some preliminary remarks about the juridical status of Church institutions in canon law across the centuries, from the ius vetus to the 1917 Codex and the current Code of Canon Law (1983), the paper compares their current regulation in secular law within the most important legal traditions in the West, emphasizing pros and cons of each legal system. In the second part, it focuses on the impact of some recent trends that emerge from the evolution of both secular and canonical legal systems and concern the regulation of Church institutions and of Church-related institutions. It then draws some conclusive remarks on the need to update their inner structure and administrative rules.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. - 2. La qualificazione “religiosa” dei beni culturali. - 3. La legislazione vigente. - 4. Le pertinenze degli edifici di culto. - 5. Casi pratici di sacrificio dell'interesse religioso. In particolare, il caso della Madonna del parto di Piero della Francesca. - 6. Beni culturali e beni comuni.

The protection of religious interest of cultural heritage: reflections between ius conditum and ius condendum

ABSTRACT: The current perspective, with regard to cultural heritage of religious interest, needs a legislative adjustment on the new person's protection request. The exam of many practical cases shows, in this matter, that national and economic interests take precedence over religious interests. The reason for this is that many cultural goods of religious interest belong to the State, which claims his exclusive right to use and administer them. It is important to analyze the different interests of the State and the Church, but it is very difficult to find a balance between them. To solve this problem, we can connect the category of the cultural heritage of religious interest to the category of "common goods". The latter goods protect fundamental rights and consider person as the major user of these goods, without taking into account the public and private owners of them. In fact, the cultural heritage of religious interest affects different constitutional rights of the individual, such as the rights relating to the personality, the right to freedom of religion and the right to freedom of art. It is therefore important to consider the needs of the individual to design a correct protection of the cultural heritage of religious interest.