Contenuti per la categoria: Patrimonio ecclesiastico

The Supervision of the economic administration of the Roman Curia

ABSTRACT: This paper analyses the new system of supervision of the economic administration of the Roman Curia introduced by the Apostolic Constitution Praedicate Evangelium. Then, it focuses on the role that has been recently assigned in this area to the ‘Istituto per le Opere di Religione’ (IOR) and on that of the Vatican penal jurisdiction, both of which constitute highly innovative elements.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le fonti normative della riforma - 2. Gli organismi di vigilanza - 3. Le plurime tipologie di vigilanza - 4. Analisi del nuovo sistema di vigilanza sull’amministrazione economica della Curia Romana - 5. Il ruolo peculiare dell’Istituto per le Opere di Religione - 6. La duplicazione del sistema di vigilanza tra Curia Romana e IOR - 7. Aspetti positivi del sistema e sue criticità - 8. Vigilanza canonica e supplenza della giurisdizione penale vaticana - 9. Osservazioni conclusive.

Financing of the Holy See, transparency of destination and patrimonial administration

ABSTRACT: The essay analyzes the topic of the economic and financial management of the Holy See’s patrimony and in particular the reforms implemented during the pontificates of Benedict XVI and Francis which ensure greater transparency of financial operations. In carrying out its universal mission, the Church relies on transparent and efficient asset management. All those who manage the Church’s patrimony must administer it wisely, avoiding the performance of speculative operations in order to preserve the economic value of the assets, which are instrumental to all Church activities. Because of this, the Vatican judicial system has also been strengthened to prevent and eventually repress abuses in the management of ecclesiastical patrimony. It must be stressed, however, that, excessive garantism in the management of Vatican finances could risk hindering the Holy See’s activities. In this sense, the essay also reflects on the advisability of bypassing the ordinary system of financial transparency in peculiar circumstances in order to guarantee the Holy See’s evangelization activities.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La gestione finanziaria - 3. Le norme di gestione patrimoniale della Santa Sede: dalla Pastor Bonus alla Praedicate Evangelium - 4. Riflessioni conclusive.

The art treasures of the Vatican in the Lateran Treaty

ABSTRACT: Drawing inspiration from a recent initiative by the Pontiff, the contribution focuses on the peculiar juridical condition of the art treasures kept in the Vatican City, resulting from a series of provisions of the Lateran Treaty, other international conventions and recent Vatican legislation on the protection of cultural heritage. The result is a complex and articulated regulatory framework that underlines the role of the Holy See as a custodian and guarantor of one of the greatest historical and artistic heritages of humanity.

SOMMARIO - 1. Un gesto ecumenico di papa Francesco - 2. L’art. 18 del Trattato lateranense - 3. L’articolato quadro normativo attuale - 4. Suggestioni e questioni emergenti - 5. I tesori d’arte del Vaticano e la loro peculiare condizione giuridica - 6. Osservazioni conclusive.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Il caso del Montenegro: identità nazionale e identità religiosa - 3. La costruzione di un’identità nazionale - 4. Prodromi di un divorzio annunciato - 5. Personalità giuridica delle Chiese e patrimonio religioso - 6. Beni culturali contesi - 7. Verso una risoluzione dei contrasti con la Chiesa ortodossa serba? - 8. Patrimonio culturale montenegrino e ruolo delle organizzazioni internazionali - 9. Conclusioni.

 Religious freedom, cultural heritage and identity: the case of Montenegro

ABSTRACT: With the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia, the Balkan populations found themselves having to face the necessity of replacing their common Slavic origins with national identities that found a solid point of reference in religion. The cultural heritage, at first common thanks to Tito's unifying work, became again the heritage of the single nationalities and the object of ethnic-local identity claims. In this situation, the anchorage to cultural heritage and the particular care taken by governments to claim its management and control, become instruments of identity whose effects inevitably reverberate on the delicate balance between the religious communities present in the different territories. The case of Montenegro shows the complicated relationship between the protection of cultural heritage, national identities and religious belonging to the different components of Orthodoxy, each of which claims exclusive and unique ownership over their respective territories, thus contributing to rewrite the contents of cultural heritage, reducing it to an increasingly local dimension. Thanks to the work of international organizations such as UNESCO with "its" world heritage and the Council of Europe, which is working to promote diversity and dialogue in the field of cultural heritage, this regains its dignity, respecting the citizens' feelings and their quality of life.

SOMMARIO: 1. ‘E la mirabile coppia apparve’: prolegomeni allo studio dei rapporti tra gaming and religion ˗ 2. Una mappatura del campo di indagine dei Digital Religion Studies: gaming as religion, didactic digital games … ˗ 3. … religion in gaming: ovvero cattedrali, moschee, schiere di angeli e demoni nelle narrazioni videoludiche ˗ 4. ‘Gli amori difficili’: la problematica relazione tra gaming and religion ˗ 5. Il diritto sulla scena: gaming and religion con gli ‘occhiali del giurista’ ˗ 6. Un puzzle di norme diverse e contrastanti: una radiografia sulla libertà di panorama in Europa … ˗ 7. … e in Italia ˗ 8. Postille conclusive: spunti di riflessione de iure condendo.

Religious symbols and cultural heritage in videogames: intersections between gaming and religion, or two inescapably communicating destinies. New spaces for research and theoretical reflection

ABSTRACT: Within a multiple reading grid, this contribution aims first of all to focus on the theme of the migration of religious symbols outside their natural ecosystem, electing videogames among the many ‘profane’ and even 'pop' languages ​​of mass media society. Starting from the ancient marriage between games and religion, we will investigate the forms in which the religious material ˗ Christian and non ˗ is shaped within the world of videogames, trying to perimeter the field of investigation of that very particular line of research called Digital Religion Studies. Subsequently, starting from the famous case of Manchester cathedral, we will try to demonstrate the problematic nature of the relationship between gaming and religion. By shifting the wide angle to the field of law, the legal regime reserved for videogames will be elucidated, albeit skeletally, and then highlight how the classification systems of videogame contents do not protect the religious feeling of the faithful. The Manchester controversy will also provide an opportunity to investigate that labyrinthine plexus of provisions that governs the digital reproducibility of cultural heritage. It will end with some de jure condendo reflections on the regulation of religious data in videogames and on the subject of freedom of the panorama.

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. The temporal goods of the Church and the principle of subsidiarity - 3. The notion of common goods in Italy - 4. Some practical cases of ecclesiastical heritage as common goods in Italy- 5. A comparative perspective with Belgium: the strategic plans for the future of churches in Flanders - 6. Future perspectives and conclusions.

ABSTRACT: According to recent studies, there are about 600,000 places of worship and several thousands of monasteries and convents in Europe. The process of secularization, the decrease and displacement of the population, the reduction of vocations to the sacred life can be held responsible for the redundancy of the assets of the Catholic Church. These buildings represent an impressive heritage of faith, work and creativity of the communities which made them over the centuries. Most of them are considered as “cultural heritage” by the legislation of the European States, because of their historical, cultural and artistic values. Up to now, the main solution to this phenomenon has consisted in the alienation of these properties. However, the selling and the disposal of these goods by ecclesiastical bodies cannot always be the only and preferable solution. Drawing from the analysis of some case studies in Italy, this paper aims to investigate the role of civil society participation in the regeneration process and the possibility of applying “collaboration pacts” for the management of “common goods”. In the light of the European scope of the phenomenon, a comparison is proposed in line with the legal instrument of “strategic plans”, drawn up by the diocesan bishop and local authorities in Flanders (Belgium).

SOMMARIO: 1. Le implicazioni dell’emergenza pandemica sulla Costituzione economica nell’ottica del diritto ecclesiastico - 2. Enti ecclesiastici-religiosi e impresa sociale. Una lettura in parallelo attraverso la lente (dell’art. 1 e) dell’art. 41 della Costituzione - 3. Libertà di iniziativa economica, socialità dell’impresa e impresa sociale normativizzata - 4. Libertà di iniziativa economica, socialità dell’impresa e perimetrazione materiale del fine di religione e di culto - 5. Istanze (disattese) di liberalizzazione. Le pressioni della nuova realtà socio-economica e la garanzia dell'art. 20 Cost. - 6. L'incontro/scontro normativo tra ente ecclesiastico-religioso e impresa sociale. In particolare, il fine religioso-cultuale quale grande assente del d.lgs. n. 112 del 2017. Ragioni e ricadute disciplinari - 7. Il ramo impresa sociale dell’ente ecclesiastico-religioso civilmente riconosciuto. La confermata esclusione delle attività secondarie e strumentali dall’ambito applicativo del decreto - 8. Il regolamento del ramo e il patrimonio destinato tra oneri di conformazione e preservazione dell’identità religioso-confessionale dell’ente - 9. L’ipotesi (non così scontata) della costituzione di una impresa sociale autonoma e il tema (sottovalutato) della collocazione dell’ente ecclesiastico-impresa sociale nel mercato dei beni e dei servizi (sociali) - 10. Riassumendo. Nodi da sciogliere e soluzioni da indagare.

Religion and Economic Constitution. On the relationship between religious bodies and social enterprise

ABSTRACT: The paper focuses on the relationship between religious bodies and social enterprise, considering it as an important verification ground of religion’s place in the legal dynamics of the so-called Economic Constitution. Lights and shadows in this relationship are closely linked to the difficulties of State-Church concerted legislation on ecclesiastical-religious bodies, especially when compared to the constitutional protection of purposes of religion and worship (art. 20 of Italian Constitution).
 

SOMMARIO: 1. Considerazioni preliminari - 2. La speciale natura rei sacrae degli altari - 3. Gli altari secondari - 4. La celebrazione eucaristica e la deposizione delle sacre reliquie nel rito della dedicazione o della benedizione dell'altare - 5. Il rapporto tra norme canoniche e norme liturgiche nella regolamentazione degli altari - 6. L'applicabilità agli altari delle norme canoniche che regolano i luoghi sacri - 7. Il rapporto tra le Linee guida emanate dalla Congregazione per il Clero e le norme codiciali - 8. Cenni alla disciplina prevista dal Codice del 1917 per la riduzione a uso profano degli altari - 9. Ulteriori e precedenti tipologie di altare - 10. La conservazione delle sacre reliquie - 11. La distinzione tra altari fissi e altari mobili - 12. La destinazione degli altari mobili delle chiese dismesse - 13. La destinazione degli altari fissi delle chiese dismesse - 14. L'altare della Vergine nella chiesa di Santa Maria di Cerrate - 15. L'altare bene comune.

The juridical-ecclesiological dimension of the altars of decommissioned churches: questions divided between canon law, liturgical law and civil law

ABSTRACT: The article analyzes the condition and the destination of the altars of the churches that have lost their dedication or blessing due to the decommissioning processes regulated by the canon law. The main purposes of this analysis are to understand whether it is possible to reduce altars to profane uses and to identify a new proper use for them. In order to achieve these objectives, it is essential to consider the special sacred nature of the altars, but also their cultural value.

SOMMARIO: 1. Brevi cenni introduttivi - 2. Il Fondo Edifici di Culto: struttura e patrimonio - 3. La missione del Fondo Edifici di Culto - 4. Conclusioni.

Worship Buildings Fund. Protection, promotion and sustainable development

ABSTRACT: In the XIX century (mainly dating to the Sixties), laws were enacted for the secularization of all the religious assets. In order to protect, maintain and run this extremely rich, diversified and priceless estate, a Worship Buildings Fund (called Fondo Edifici di Culto = FEC) established by Law no. 222 (1985). Its holdings include many worship buildings (about 840 churches, abbeys, monasteries and convents), sacred objects, artworks, museums, archaelogical sites, book collections; as well as non-religious buildings (farms, schools, barracks and so on), and protected natural areas. Therefore FEC’s purposes need a renewed attention. A new governance will help to achieve the double goal, that is to administer faithfully the policies and objectives which best fulfill the needs, concerns and interests of this precious heritage and to support sustainable development.

SOMMARIO: 1. Singolarità della natura giuridica di ciascuna fabbriceria - 2. La controversa natura ecclesiastica delle fabbricerie - 3. Il patrimonio delle fabbricerie come “bene comune” economicamente rilevante - 4. L’interesse pubblico per la gestione comune delle fabbricerie - 5. Le poche fabbricerie attuali: una diversa dall’altra - 6. Le attuali fabbricerie: enti a esaurimento e a numero chiuso - 7. Tre diverse tipologie per le attuali fabbricerie - 8. Il controllo pubblico sulle attuali fabbricerie - 9. La controversa ecclesiasticità delle attuali fabbricerie - 10. La controversia circa la natura pubblica o privata delle attuali fabbricerie (un’eredità delle Onlus) - 11. La diversità di opinioni circa la natura giuridica delle diverse fabbricerie - 12. L’impatto della riforma del Terzo settore sulla natura giuridica delle attuali fabbricerie - 13. Quali conseguenze per le fabbricerie Onlus? - 14. L’irrilevanza giuridica di una previa qualificazione pubblica o privata comune alle attuali fabbricerie - 15. La plausibilità del ricorso da parte di alcune attuali fabbricerie alla qualificazione di “impresa sociale” - 16. Conclusione.

The legal nature of “fabbricerie” in the light of the Third Sector Law reform

ABSTRACT: The “fabbricerie” (fabrique in French: untranslatable into English) are ancient institutions responsible for the administration of the asset of some particularly important churches (for example, cathedrals). For the most part, they administer an invaluable artistic and cultural heritage. However, their legal discipline is controversial, especially after the approval of the recent reform of the Third Sector. This contribution briefly reconstructs the situation and expresses an orientation contrary to their equivalence with the new “Enti del Terzo settore”, but inclined to the possibility to give them (rectius: to some of them) the qualification of “impresa sociale”.