Contenuti per la categoria: Laicità e pluralismo

Multi-religious Welcoming Spaces in the Italian University System

ABSTRACT: Il saggio tratta il tema degli spazi messi a disposizione dalle Università italiane per il culto, o altre forme di spiritualità. Destinare spazi pubblici a esigenze religiose e spirituali costituisce un esempio dell'adeguamento delle istituzioni alle esigenze sociali marcate da un sempre maggiore pluralismo religioso e culturale. Finora le Università italiane sono state toccate da questo fenomeno in maniera marginale e questo contributo, che muove da una ricerca sul campo, descrive alcune esperienze mettendone in luce analogie e differenze. In conclusione, l’Autrice evidenzia l’emergere della questione islamica e riscontra un atteggiamento della governance degli Atenei sostanzialmente parallelo a quello tenuto dalle altre Pubbliche amministrazioni verso le comunità musulmane.

ABSTRACT: The essay deals with the issue of the spaces Italian universities provide for worship and other spiritual activities. Designating public spaces for religious and spiritual needs is an example of the ongoing adaptation process of institutions to social needs that is marked by ever-increasing religious and cultural pluralism. However, Italian universities have been affected by this phenomenon only in a marginal way so far. This paper, which is based on field research, describes the similarities and differences of the solutions adopted in various Italian institutions of higher education. In her concluding remarks, the Author points out the emergence of the “Islamic Question”. Indeed, the attitude towards Muslim communities by Italian universities is very similar to that of other public administrations.

Lay deradicalisation and cybernetic literacy: the multisectorial strategy for the positive prevention of the new religious terrorism 

ABSTRACT: Modern, religiously-motivated terrorism takes advantage of two newly emergent factors in order to attract new recruits: cognitive radicalization and cyberspace. The former consists of an entirely psychological process, one geared towards developing a religious-political system to subvert the democratic institutions of a country. The latter, on the other hand, is a tool which facilitates the continuous distribution of terrorist content online and the commission of new crimes, not prosecuted under the scope of criminal law’s traditional categories (cybercrimes). These two factors increase the probability that an aspiring terrorist will commit a crime the purposes of which are covered by the art. 270-sexies c.p. However, the Italian strategy to counteract this phenomenon remains focused on the hyperproduction of legal paradigms. Preventive measures adopted by the Italian legislator, on the other end, are exclusive negative and may not satisfy the requirements of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to the necessary guarantee of rights. Cybernetic literacy and deradicalisation are positive preventative measures, thus far unknown to the Italian legislator; their combined use negates the criminal potential of cognitive radicalisation and cyberspace usage through the stifling of the extreme political consequences, which arise when one professes a subversive religious strain developed by the cyber-radicalised. It is however, of the utmost importance that the principles of lay state and religious freedom are preserved when such measures are adopted.

ABSTRACT: Il moderno terrorismo di matrice religiosa sfrutta due nuovi fattori per reperire ulteriori adepti: la radicalizzazione cognitiva e il cyberspazio. La prima consiste in un processo esclusivamente psicologico volto all’elaborazione di un sistema politico-religioso da sostituire all’ordine democratico dello Stato. Il secondo, invece, è uno strumento che consente di diffondere illimitatamente contenuti terroristici online e commettere nuovi reati non soggetti alle categorie tradizionali del diritto penale. Tali due fattori accrescono la probabilità che l’aspirante terrorista commetta un futuro reato (pericolosità sociale) con una delle finalità previste dall’art. 270-sexies c.p. Purtuttavia la strategia italiana per il contrasto del fenomeno resta incentrata sull’iperproduzione di fattispecie criminose costruite secondo tecniche di anticipazione della soglia della rilevanza penale (artt. 270-bis c.p. e ss.). D’altro canto, le misure di prevenzione note all’ordinamento italiano sono solo negative (d.lgs. 159 del 2011) e non sembrano soddisfare pienamente i livelli di garanzia recentemente richiesti dalla Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo. L’alfabetizzazione cibernetica e la deradicalizzazione sono misure di prevenzione positiva ignote al legislatore italiano. La loro combinazione, purché rispetti il supremo principio di laicità e la libertà religiosa, consente di azzerare il potenziale criminogeno dei due nuovi fattori attraverso la depoliticizzazione della professione della religione eversiva elaborata dal cyber-radicalizzato.

SOMMARIO: 1. Radicalizzazione e cibernetica: il nuovo volto del terrorismo religioso, la nuova sfida per gli ordinamenti giuridici occidentali - 2. La definizione penalmente rilevante di radicalizzazione religiosa - 3. Il cyberspazio come nuovo locus commissi delicti - 4. La reazione dell’ordinamento italiano al terrorismo religioso - 5. Profili critici connessi all’anticipazione della tutela penale in funzione preventiva - 6. Natura e contesto delle condotte con finalità di terrorismo (art. 270-sexies c.p.) - 7. Le misure di prevenzione negativa disciplinate dal d.lgs. 6 settembre 2011, n. 159 (così detto Codice antimafia): natura, funzione e rapporti con la pena in materia di contrasto al terrorismo - 8. I presupposti applicativi delle misure di prevenzione contro il terrorismo religioso alla luce della recente giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo (la sentenza De Tommaso c. Italia e il parere consultivo 14 dicembre 2023) - 9. Gli indici della cyber-radicalizzazione quale forma di pericolosità terroristica - 10. Il modello di prevenzione positiva contro il terrorismo di matrice religiosa – 11. L’alfabetizzazione cibernetica nel contesto del cyberspazio - 12. La prevenzione positiva della deriva comportamentale del processo di radicalizzazione: la deradicalizzazione laica - 13. Osservazioni conclusive.

Family relationships and migrations between law, religions and culture 

ABSTRACT: In recent years, the social and multi-religious evolution of the family has contributed to redefined its morphology, varying its traits through a continuous work of cultural, ethnic and religious relocation. It frequently clashes with resistance typical of an institution that is in some ways still linked to traditional legal paradigms. It is consequently increasingly necessary to acquire technical tools that allow people to govern family relationships in the current “multicolor” context. The essay investigates the possibility of leaving ample space for private autonomy in the regulation of family relationships in the belief that in this way families are provided with flexible tools that conform to their own cultural and religious identity.

Legal secularism and political participation

ABSTRACT: As is well known, the Italian term ‘laicità’ is polysemic and cannot be adequately translated into English. The word ‘secularism’, in fact, only captures certain senses of ‘laicità’. Ultimately, we are dealing with a very complex phenomenon that surely cannot be analyzed with a dichotomic black and white concept. In this paper we are mainly interested in highlighting legal secularism, understood as neutrality. However, we must pay attention to the fact that liberal neutrality, understood as mutual tolerance and impartiality of institutions, is a “committed neutrality” which deeply differs from Max Weber’s uncommitted neutrality to which scientists aspire. On the other hand, the ideal of legal secularism comes into harsh conflict with the partisan spirit that characterizes political life. Democracy is not only respect for rules, but must come to terms with the citizens’ variegated senses of belonging to this or that community. As they say: “My country, right or wrong”. Precisely because of these limits to rational discourse, we believe that legal secularism, in a broad sense, is not fully achievable even in an open society.

Mutual Collaboration in the Service of the Human Person between the Catholic Church and States after the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council and the Villa Madama Agreements

ABSTRACT: The article examines the ways of expressing the sana cooperatio between the Holy See and the political community in the aftermath of the Second Vatican Council and the Villa Madama Accords. It will focus on the its characteristic traits as emerging from the pontificates of John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis and then examine the instruments of cooperatio, in particular the role of the Secretariat of State, the papal nuncios and the concordats.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Chiesa e comunità politica all’epoca dei tre papi “stranieri” - 2.1 Giovanni Paolo II - 2.2 Benedetto XVI - 2.3 Francesco - 3. Gli strumenti della sana cooperatio.

Principle of non-discrimination on the grounds of religion in EU law and national approaches to the "neutrality" of the public employee 

ABSTRACT: For the first time, the Court of Justice of the European Union has been called upon to give a preliminary ruling on prohibition on wearing visible signs of political, philosophical or religious belief imposed by a public employer, from the perspective of the principle of non-discrimination on the grounds of religion enshrine in the Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 (establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation). After a look at principles of State neutrality in France, Germany and Belgium, the paper examines this issue by taking a cue from the Conclusions presented by the Advocate General in case C‑148/22. According to the Author, national identity, to which Article 4(2) TEU refers, leaves in this particular sector a wide margin of discretion to the Member States.

SOMMARIO: 1. Notazioni introduttive - 2. La rivendicazione del diritto della dipendente comunale belga di indossare il velo islamico e l’oggetto della questione sollevata davanti alla Corte di giustizia - 3. Le peculiarità nelle declinazioni nazionali del principio di “neutralità” dei pubblici dipendenti di Francia, Belgio e Germania. La “neutralità esclusiva” francese - 4. (segue) Il caso emblematico della particolare posizione dei genitori che in Francia accompagnano i figli nelle gite scolastiche - 5. (segue) L’approccio tendenzialmente inclusivo della Germania - 6. (segue) Le incertezze interpretative riguardanti la neutralità belga - 7. La sostanziale “privatizzazione” della controversia operata dall’Avvocato generale - 8. Accezioni “forti” e “deboli” di neutralità del pubblico dipendente e il discutibile profilarsi di un loro diverso impatto sull’identità costituzionale degli Stati membri - 9. Una conclusione provvisoria.

SOMMARIO - 1. Confessionale, laico o pluralista? La difficile classificazione di un modello sui generis - 2. Tra conflitto sociale e accomodamento politico - 3. Dal pluralismo religioso al pluralismo istituzionale. La questione del matrimonio civile.

Institutional loyalty, religious fidelity and moral integrity in a democracy

ABSTRACT: The deontological and contractualist ethical approach in support of democracy has limits because it does not respect personal moral autonomy. This does not allow the single person to be loyal to public institutions, faithful to religion and morally consistent. Therefore, a consequentialist approach to the rules is proposed.

SOMMARIO: 1. Democrazia e religione - 2. Laicità e libertà - 3. Ragione e morale.

ABSTRACT: The article offers a careful analysis on the way the end of the USSR and the growth of the Orthodox presence in the European Union have challenged the concept of canonical territory. In the West, this has produced a phenomenon of the territorialization of the exercise of religious freedom. It is examined how the potential access to the EU of Ukraine, Moldova, Albania and Northern Macedonia will influence the relevance of these Churches in the relations that the Union maintains with them in application of art. 17 TFUE. Indeed, this relation is strengthened by the great consistency of the Orthodox diaspora in the West and by the development and growth of Eparchies abroad, created by the respective national Churches. Therefore, it is appropriate to reflect on the need for identifying self-preservation of all religions and in particular of the Orthodox one, in order to guarantee the balance and orderly development of the Union's institutional political system in a relationship compatible with the needs of separation and secularism of the States. Two key factors are the political crisis of the USSR and the granting of autocephaly to the ecclesiastical communities operating in the states which had become sovereign: this has weakened the Moscow Patriarchate and its role in the Orthodox ecumenical system; at the same time, the ecumenical patriarchate, which claims its exclusive right to grant autocephaly, has proceeded to “contractualize” the nature of his primacy through the structure of the Tomas.

Is it possible to measure religious or belief minority rights?

ABSTRACT: Is it possible to measure how much the legal systems of the European Union countries respect and promote the rights of religious or belief minorities? Based on the findings of the Atlas of religious or belief minority rights research project (https://atlasminorityrights.eu), this article answers the question in the affirmative. The paper is divided into three parts. The first briefly describes the methodology and techniques used to measure minority rights. They are determined by the answers given to some preliminary questions that are discussed in the second part of the contribution. The last section of the article outlines the purpose and value of measuring religious or belief minority rights.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La misurazione dei diritti delle minoranze di religione e convinzione - 3. L’oggetto e i confini della misurazione - 4. L’utilità della misurazione.