SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. La separazione … immaginata – 3. La separazione … possibile – 4. Un limite della politica liberale: lo scoglio del pluralismo giuridico – 5. Il lascito della politica ecclesiastica liberale: una mediocritas di ampio respiro
SOMMARIO: 1. Gli interessi religiosi nella Costituzione - 2. La rappresentanza delle esigenze religiose tra centro e periferia - 3. Il principio di tutela della libertà religiosa nella tavola dei valori costituzionali - 4. La collaborazione tra pubblici poteri ed autorità religiose quale chiave di volta del sistema - 5. L’apporto offerto dal principio di sussidiarietà.
The protection of the religious needs
ABSTRACT: The study of ecclesiastical law is frequently focused on ecclesiastical and civil authorities and on their boundaries of action. In this way it is underestimated how many issues could be overcome simply by looking at the ultimate aim of these laws: the protection of the religious interests of the citizens. To offer an exact definition of those needs is undoubtedly not a simple matter. Therefore you should refer to the freedom of religion (Constitution, article 19) and to the correct declination of the complex
principles guaranteeing the religious right in our Constitution.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Gli enti ecclesiastici civilmente riconosciuti - 3. (segue) Natura giuridica. Le attività di “religione o di culto” e le “attività diverse” – 4. (segue) L’ente ecclesiastico civilmente riconosciuto che svolge attività d’impresa – 5. Brevi riflessioni in ordine alla riconducibilità degli enti ecclesiastici al novero dei “soggetti” di cui all’art. 1 d.lgs. n. 231 del 2001 - 6. (segue) Gli enti ecclesiastici e la disciplina della responsabilità “amministrativa” dei soggetti collettivi: i reati-presupposto commessi all’estero.
ABSTRACT: This research is focused on bodies’ administrative liability ex d. lgs. n. 231 del 2001 and ecclesiastical boards which are civilly recognized. In particular we examine Italian regulations suitable for the mentioned boards. As a consequence we try to find the limits of d. lgs. n. 231 del 2001 application’s. This legislative decree regulates bodies’ liability for unlawful administrative (but substantial penal) acts relating to offences. The provisions set out therein apply to corporate entities and companies and associations including those which are not bodies corporate. However, the decree do not mention any ecclesiastical boards which are civilly recognized.
SOMMARIO: 1. L'approvazione parziale delle intese già sottoscritte con i precedenti Governi e la proposta politica di Alessandro Albisetti – 2. Le perplessità sulla proposta di una legge di settore – 3. Specifica assenza di giustificazioni giuridiche al mantenimento di regimi differenziati dei matrimoni religiosi – 4. Necessità di perseguire un metodo generale e unitario di disciplina dei fenomeni religiosi da applicare a ogni settore – 5. La impraticabilità di una politica legislativa costituzionalmente adeguata e le sue cause.
SOMMARIO: 1. Per superare la polisemia del termine “laicità” - 2. Cenni sulla dottrina cattolica in tema di laicità - 3. Una aggettivazione risalente: la “sana” laicità - 4. Le più moderne espressioni della “laicità positiva” - 5. Note conclusive.
SOMMARIO: 1. La posizione del Presidente della Repubblica Giorgio Napolitano - 2. Laicismo e anticlericalismo - 3. Un’auspicabile prospettiva circa la laicità.
ABSTRACT: An event that has sparked discussions on neutrality and assumed centrality in the debate on the public dimension of the religious factor is related to the non-participation of Benedict XVI at the inauguration of the academic year at the University of Rome "La Sapienza", scheduled for January 17, 2008. In its judgment no. 203/1989, the Constitutional Court stated that neutrality "does not imply indifference to religion but the state guarantee for the protection of freedom of religion, under the religious and cultural pluralism." The debate on the issue of the University "La Sapienza" has fueled confusion about the meaning of the word to make the invisible boundary between neutrality, laicism and anti-clericalism. Decisive contribution to the construction of some carefully sentinels, among which there are those who have authoritatively explained that neutrality is to be understood: "... not as an attitude of estrangement, indifference or hostility of the state and its elites, with respect to the religious consciousness of the people, under the confessional pluralism, atheism is not excluded, but the protection of the equal freedom of all faiths (...) The true neutrality and the true faith are made to compete fairly in the conduct man to the full meaning of the days that are given to live".
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. – 2. I presupposti teologici. – 3. Tendenza teocratica, ma visione profana dei fenomeni normativi. – 4. La doppia faccia della secolarizzazione. – 5. Il costituzionalismo (medievale) cristiano. – 6. Le origini del costituzionalismo occidentale. Fra apolitismo radicale … – 7. (segue) … e messianismo temporale e rivoluzione scientifica. – 8. Westfalia (1648): la territorializzazione del diritto religioso. – 9. La nuova religione della perfetta ragione. – 10. Dalla fine della sovranità westfaliana, al secondo dopoguerra … – 11. … (segue) e alla questione islamica di questo secolo.
ABSTRACT: During the long history of the Western Legal System, Christian religion has been playing a key role in defining some of the pillars of modern constitutionalism. This is evident in respect to important constitutional principles like, for example, the notion of “person”, as established in the article 6 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (“Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law”). At the same time, some theological notions of medieval constitutional thought represented the political pedestal of the absolute sovereignty of the State, which is antithetical to the logic of constitutional legal system. With this article, the Author analyses the way some theological notions of Christianity have been “secularized” – and then “codified” – in the Western constitutional States, influencing the pillars of contemporary democracies. This could explain, for example, why the legal instruments carrying out the relationship State-Churches in certain Western democracies do not work very well as they did in the past. In fact, from time to time, these instruments have been able to create the conditions for a proper interaction – an “overlapping consensus” – between religious groups and public authorities as well as an acceptable balance between universal principles of Western constitutionalism and ethnic-cultural-religious differences. Nowadays, however, these same instruments seem to fail. Precisely because immigration and today’s multicultural societies see masses of people that come to Western Countries with their religious identities and, sometimes, with a global perspective which complicates the century old tension between universal principles – launched by the history of the Western constitutionalism – and the current cultural-religious belongings.
SOMMARIO: 1. Laicità e dualità del potere – 2. Geopolitica della laicità, suoi significati – 3. L'elemento popolare – 4. Il ruolo del civis-fidelis della tradizione classica nei regimi democratici - 5. Distinzione degli ordini e neutralità religiosa.
Four Annotations Concerning the Principle of Secularism (laicità): General Conclusions
Both at national and international level, the lowest common denominator of various principles of secularization (in French laïcité) is the separation - distinction between State law and religious law, which includes the distinction between different assignments of these two spheres. That is in reality the central-essential aspect of the principle of secularization, which also represents the solid ground for every normative models as well as geographic horizon in what is called the Western legal system. One could identify the historical roots of that principle in a specific period – that lasted form the I to IV centuries – from which the “sinfonia” (symphony) between sacerdotium and imperium developed (especially until the 1054 a.C.). Given these roots, from time to time the concrete life of nations and their laws have been able to affirm the famous conceptions – we all know – identifying the crucial characteristics of secularization. And this also gives us the solid basis for understanding the future conceptions of secularization. Nowadays, in the context of European Union the religious nomoi groups, the philosophical organizations as well as all human categories (like women) – that in the past era were subjected to gender and racial discriminations – hold the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; which includes freedom to change religion or belief . In this sense, we may identify an “European principle of secularization”, also understanding its evolution.
SOMMARIO: 1. Presentazione delle problematiche - 2. Rappresentatività e rappresentanza degli interessi della popolazione - 3. Interessi della popolazione e sistemi istituzionali di rilevazione - 4. Appartenenza a collettività organizzate e tutela degli interessi individuali o minoritari - 5. Responsabilità degli studiosi nella società democratica.
SOMMARIO: 1. Le diverse soglie della laicità – 2. Prevalenza della libertà sulla laicità: i presupposti sistematici – 3. I parametri della relatività – 4. Alcune prospettive per lo studio del diritto ecclesiastico.
The Principle of Secularism (laicità) “in Progress”. General Conclusion
ABSTRACT: Like the previous national meetings, from the sessions of this Conference one may appreciate the worthwhile link between the academic-scientific experience and the juridical-jurisprudential experience. The homogeneity of contents (as revealed by the academic doctrine) together with the relativity of substantial values (strictly related to the conceptions of liberty, secularism and equality) is not necessary due to be translated into different models of State-religions relationship. The concrete use of normative systems is a clear example of that. These are in fact results that emerge from both the public relevance of religious phenomena and the outcomes given by the overview of legislative works; as the main Italian scholars have already underlined at the national and international level, including the European area.