Contenuti per la categoria: Libertà di coscienza e di religione, individuale e collettiva

SOMMARIO: 1. La decretazione senza legge sul coronavirus - 2. Le disposizioni sulla libertà di culto - 3. Il limite della tutela della salute e l’inconferenza delle discipline pattizie - 4. Il bilanciamento delle specifiche misure - 5. Il rapporto laico tra Stato e confessioni religiose: un’icona.

The freedom of worship in coronavirus times

ABSTRACT: The state of emergency by coronavirus drove the italian government to legislate by means of decrees without law, that provided strong limits to constitutional rights as, among others, the freedom of worship. Particularly they banned masses coram populo in the churches and on occasion of funeral service in order to safeguard the health care. This paper aims to demonstrate that the Concordat beetween State and Church, well as the accords with other fellowships,  is another matter with regard to a higher collective interest, constitutionally protected, like the halth care. The paper points out, moreover, how the adopted measures are reasonable and proportionate and, finally, the new leadership, respecting the secular order, held in this aspect by the italian Church, following the prints of pope Francis.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le “nuove” obiezioni di coscienza nelle società multiculturali. Il rifiuto dell’obbligo vaccinale - 2. Religioni e vaccini - 3. La situazione negli altri Paesi, in particolare il caso degli USA - 4. L’obbligo vaccinale in Italia - 5. È configurabile il diritto all’obiezione di coscienza rispetto alle vaccinazioni obbligatorie?

The Refusal of Mandatory Vaccinations for Conscientious Reasons. A Comparative Overlook

ABSTRACT: The paper analyzes the possibility to design a new shape of conscientious objection : the refusal of mandatory vaccinations due to religious or ideological reasons. Some religions are against vaccines because of the ingredients they contain. In other cases the refusal to be vaccinated is based on the idea that only God can protect health. The legislatures of some Countries recognize the conscientious objection to mandatory vaccinations. The paper focuses the topic in a comparative perspective, paying attention to the italian and european context.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il Regolamento UE 2016/679 e i dati di natura religiosa: un nuovo percorso normativo da analizzare - 2. Dalla legge n. 675 del 1996 al d.lgs. n. 196 del 2003: l’affermarsi delle “autorizzazioni generali” per il trattamento dei dati sensibili da parte delle confessioni religiose - 3. Le novità introdotte dal Regolamento europeo n. 679 del 2016 per il trattamento dei dati di natura religiosa e il mancato riferimento alle “autorizzazioni generali” - 4. Il d.lgs. n. 101 del 2018 e l’adeguamento italiano alla normativa comunitaria del 2016: il recupero delle “autorizzazioni generali” - 5. Il ruolo del Garante e la conferma parziale della legittimità dell’autorizzazione generale n. 3 - 6. Un nuovo ruolo per i responsabili del trattamento dei dati di natura religiosa: privacy by design, compliance normativa e tutela dell’autonomia delle confessioni religiose.

General Authorizations to process of sensitive data by churches. Considerations on recent reforms in theme of privacy

ABSTRACT: The Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – so-called GDPR - has resulted in a significant reform of the Italian system for the protection of personal data and crystallized in Legislative Decree no. 196 of 30 June 2003. The GDPR, which focuses on principle of accountability and the concepts of privacy by design and privacy by default, has rethought, in particular, the category of data in which those of a religious nature were inserted basing their discipline on a general prohibition of treatment and provided that churches, associations or religious communities can dictate and apply their own internal legislation in this field, provided that it complies with the community provisions of the regulation. Before entry into force of the GDPR, the processing of religious data was mainly linked to the provision by the Guarantor Authority for the protection of personal data of a General Authorization - No. 3 - which allowed religious confessions to process the data of their members. This system has been questioned in part by the GDPR and then re-read by Legislative Decree no. 101/2018, which confirmed the value of the General Authorization n.3 in the framework of a peculiar system of guarantees.

Il carattere eccezionale della “circoscritta area”, in cui la Corte costituzionale ha affermato la non punibilità di chi aiuta al suicidio o, meglio, assiste una persona nel morire, risalta nitidamente al cospetto dell’assenza di limiti dell’area individuata allo stesso fine dal BundesVerfassungsGericht (BVG) con una sentenza pubblicata molto di recente. Benché perciò non sia possibile in questa sede il commento approfondito che la decisione meriterebbe, si possono prendere, tuttavia, almeno alcuni appunti comparativi. (segue)

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. Brief Remarks on the Notion of Halal - 3. The Interests at Stake in Halal Certification - 4. Actors and Instruments Involved in Halal Certification - 5. The Constitutional Regulation of the Religious Factor and Its Impact on Halal Certification - 6. Halal Italia and the 2010 Inter-Ministerial Convention - 7. Conclusion.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to examine the Italian experience with halal certification and, in particular, the case of Halal Italia. After some brief preliminary remarks on the notion of halal, I will examine the general context of halal certification, by focusing on the interests at stake and on the actors and instruments involved. Next, I will take into account the impact of the constitutional regulation of the religious factor on halal certification. Finally, my analysis will turn to the trademark Halal Italia and the 2010 Inter-Ministerial Convention.

SOMMARIO: 1. Prospettive - 2. Duplice dovere - 3. Questioni I - 4. Questioni II - 5. L’accesso visto da Strasburgo - 6. Poteri pubblici e spazi pubblici - 7. Accesso pluralistico: regola ed eccezione.

Public spaces and religion

ABSTRACT: The essay analyzes the legal issues related to the presence of religion in public spaces. The thesis is that it is necessary to consider the various issues (religious building, religious symbols in public buildings etc.) on the basis of the public character of the space. In this way it becomes possible: a) to compare the various issues; b) identify the tasks of public authorities, which must make spaces available to religion and must not discriminate access to spaces. However, there are exceptions to the rule necessary to protect children in classrooms.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il problema del conflitto di interessi nel diritto ecclesiastico dell’Italia repubblicana. - 2. Conflitto di interessi e finanziamento pubblico delle religioni. - 3. L’ombra del conflitto di interessi che accompagna nel suo cammino l’«invenzione» dell’otto per mille. - 4. Note di discussione.

Contradictions and unclarities of “otto per mille”: between public interest in an open pluralism and individual interests in the rigidity of the religious market

ABSTRACT: Religion, like politics and economics, risks fueling various forms of conflict of interest in the State. The constitutional choice to affirm a pluralist (or open) laicità aims precisely at avoiding and contrasting potential conflicts of interest caused by religious influences. The contradictions and the unclarities detected by several voices about the "otto per mille" economic support system could be read as indicators that Italy failed to implement a management of the public interest which should guarantee the exclusion of favoritism towards individual interests. The original fault of "otto per mille" system lies in the negotiated nature of the legislation that provides for it; the choice of a bilateral source makes clear the will of the State to operate, for purposes of its political consolidation, a substantial connection with the specific interests of some religious denominations in the acquisition and preservation of advantageous positions. It is therefore hoped an unilateral work of reform by the State, in particular the repeal of the fascist legislation about admitted cults and the promulgation of a general law on religious freedom.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Revisionismo storico involontario - 3. Altri tempi - 4. L’art. 5 del Concordato - 5. La vicenda di Ernesto Buonaiuti - 6. La sua intransigenza morale - 7. Passato e presente - 8. Favor religionis - 9. Il sistema delle intese - 10. Il risveglio delle vecchie intolleranze.

1929: Freedom denied

ABSTRACT: This paper turns around the case and the figure of Ernesto Buonaiuti. We would like to show how the Lateran Pacts of 1929 had been signed in an atmosphere in which both sides, fascism and the  Catholic Church, denied freedom of conscience.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: la pronuncia della Corte costituzionale e i nodi da sciogliere - 2. I limiti legittimi alla libertà religiosa - 3. Gli interventi positivi a favore del diritto al culto - 4. Brevi considerazioni conclusive: che cosa farà (o, meglio, cosa dovrebbe fare) il legislatore regionale?

The Constitutional Court’s position about worship facilities between limits against the freedom of religion and positive interventions

ABSTRACT: The Constitutional Court has another time pronounced about the right to have a place of worship. Its statements are crucial for this subject and are likely to produce an echo even outside the field of worship facilities. In particular, the Court affirms, on the one hand, that the freedom of worship might be limited only in order to guarantee concrete opposing interests, and not for mere exigencies of control. On the other hand, the Court declares that the freedom of religion, given its central and essential position in the Constitution, legitimizes and requires positive interventions by the legislator, in order to be promoted.

SOMMARIO: 1. L’intesa con l’Associazione Chiesa d’Inghilterra - 2. L’assenza di una legge generale nel periodo liberale - 3. La Conciliazione - 4. Il permanere dell’assenza di una legge comune - 5. Continuità e innovazione dopo il 1948 - 6. La mancata revisione della legge sui culti - 7. La polemica anticoncordataria - 8. Il progetto di una legge generale sulla libertà religiosa - 9. Un’unica legge per esigenze diverse - 10. La legge comune sul “fatto” religioso - 11. Il potenziale conflitto con le leggi di derivazione pattizia - 12. Uguaglianza e discriminazione - 13. Sulla possibile rilevanza dei diritti religiosi - 14. Sul rilievo di alcune minoranze - 15. Conclusioni.

The law on accepted cults, the agreements and the need for a common regulation on the religious issue

ABSTRACT: Taking the cue from the signing of the agreement with the association Chiesa d’Inghiterra, we note thelack of a common regulation not on religous freedom, which is protected by the rules of the Italian Constitution through directly effective regulations, and which could be invasive and inadequate, but of a common basic regulation on religion, such that in goes beyond the old law on accepted cults and equates, as far as possible, the condition of churches with an agreement with those that do not have one. The viewpoint of the bilaterally contracted law, inherited from and confirmed by the pre-Repubblican period, while meeting the needs of cults, is not able to ensure a certain uniformity of treatment for all denominations, i.e. it cannot be applied also to those cults that have not negotiated it, that do not want or cannot do so. What is lacking in a unilateral law of the State, which outlines the essential and common points, that is the basis and reference index for other laws, given that equality does not mean the same things and that differentiations are allowed, or rather imposed, as long as they are not arbitrary. Besides, there is the problem of religius instances referring to secular and profane aspects of the human person, which can be inserted into the formative process of the law, allowing for to norms, which in religiously motivated subjects receive a further compelling force. It is responsibility of a pluralist and secular State, aware and guarantor of its own values and indispensable rules, to supervise the process of synthesis of the different cultures.