Contributi di Adelaide Madera

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Il frammentato quadro normativo in materia di LGBT rights - 3. Il caso Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia - 4. L’impatto della pronunzia Bostock sulle istituzioni religiose - 5. La tutela offerta dal Title VII all’esercizio della libertà religiosa - 6. La Section 702(a) del Title VII e le questioni interpretative irrisolte - 7. Nuove letture giurisprudenziali della Section 702(a) - 8. L’interazione fra esenzioni religiose ex Section 702(a) e sex discrimination: possibili futuri scenari alla luce del caso Bostock - 9. La specificità delle istituzioni impegnate nel settore dell’istruzione - 10. La ministerial exception e i limiti della sua applicabilità - 11. Il RFRA - 12. I rischi derivanti da un utilizzo over-expansive del RFRA - 13. La Free Exercise Clause - 14. Le vie percorribili per recepire nuove prospettive valoriali - 15. Il mancato intervento del Congresso - 16. Principio di non discriminazione ed esercizio della libertà religiosa: un binomio incompatibile? - 17. L’esempio della legislazione sui same-sex marriages - 18. La tutela dell’istituzionalismo religioso e i suoi “ragionevoli” limiti - 19. Conclusioni.

The interplay between religious exemptions and LGBT rights in the workplace: new judicial trajectories at the crossroads of plural narratives

ABSTRACT: A recent U.S. Supreme Court judgement found that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act covers discriminations founded on gender identity and sexual orientation. The present paper analyses the effect of this judgement on the exercise of religious freedom of faith-based organizations and investigates the possibility of finding ways to reconcile competing interests.

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. Alevi Population in Turkey and in Europe - 3. What is Alevism? Who are the Alevis? - 4. Discrimination against Alevis and Alevi Massacres from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic - 5. Alevi Migration in Turkey and to Europe - 6. Alevi Organizations in Europe: Cultural, Social, and Historical Perspectives - 7. Discourses of “Other” vs “Equal” on Alevis - 8. Alevi Associations in Europe: Legal Perspectives - 9. Alevism in the Turkish Legal Setting - 10. Alevism at the European Court of Human Rights - 11. Concluding Remarks on Legal Issues - 12. Concluding Remarks on Social and Cultural Issues.

ABSTRACT: Using interdisciplinary lenses, this article examines the cultural, social, and juridical status of the Alevis in Turkey and Western Europe. The ongoing social exclusion and discrimination against Alevis in Turkey make their everyday lives challenging. In Europe, Alevis organized themselves in associations, forming vibrant transnational communities. They struggled for recognition of their cultural-religious rights, and in some European countries, they are given special status. As we will illustrate, their recognition in Europe significantly effected in their case in Turkey but failed to emancipate them fully and posed further issues to tackle with and for the Alevis in Turkey. Gedik and Birkalan-Gedik present sociological, historical, and political contexts to understand the current realities of Alevis in Turkey and Europe, mostly based on their ethnographic studies. Madera examines five cases between 2007-2016 which were presented by the Alevis to the European Court. We conclude that currently, Turkey does not try to suffice the European requirements, namely, the implementation of policies aimed at guaranteeing adequate protection of the collective dimension of religious freedom in a way consistent with European directives.

Summary: 1. Introduction - 2. Italian legal responses to COVID-19: the Italian constitutional and legal framework on religious freedom - 3. The suspension of religious assemblies during phase one of the pandemic - 4. A “cautious resumption” of religious gatherings during the phase two in Italy - 5. U.S. legal responses to COVID-19: U.S. constitutional and legal framework about religious freedom - 6. The legal patchwork because of the pandemic - 7. Judicial balance between individual liberties and the preservation of health - 8. Litigation in lower courts about the exercise of religious freedom during Covid-19 - 9 New creative ways of worshipping in Covid-19 times: drive-in religious services - 10. Third-party burdens and the successful nondiscrimination approach - 11. Department of Justice statements - 12 Supreme Court intervention in temporary state restrictions on religious assemblies - 13. “Religious America” and “secular” Italy during Covid-19 phase one - 14. Management of religious freedom during the pandemic and the lack or presence of a statute governing religious freedom - 15. Effect of the pandemic on the question of whose religious freedom should be protected - 16. Guaranteeing a fair level of religious accommodation during a pandemic - 17. Enhanced need to balance the exercise of religious freedom with third-party harm during a pandemic - 18. Impact of the pandemic on the exercise of religious freedom in the long term.

ABSTRACT: The so-called lockdown, imposed to restrain (or at least limit) the spread of COVID-19, has, in the over four seemingly endless months since it started, had an overwhelming impact not only on our personal lives, but also on domestic regulatory frameworks. Legal systems responded individually, and with differences to the pandemic emergency, ranging from a complete interruption of the collective exercise of religious worship (Italy), to a more cautious recognition of forms of religious accommodation (United States). The present paper compares the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on the exercise of religious freedom in the United States and the Italian legal contexts, and investigates how the pandemic crisis emphasized underlying judicial, political, sociocultural, and economic challenges, giving rise to a tension between competing rights and exacerbating concerns about the “special” role of religion. As the COVID situation is changing so rapidly in the United States, in Italy, and around the world, I clarify that the information in the present paper relates at the situation as at the end of June 2020.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Simboli religiosi e sfera pubblica - 3. Il ruolo della giurisprudenza e il difficile rapporto con l’Islam - 4. Il porto di simboli religiosi nel contesto giudiziario - 5. Le pronunzie Hamidović v. Bosnia and Herzegovina e Lachiri v. Belgium - 6. Presenza o no di una base normativa che valga a giustificare la restrizione della libertà religiosa - 7. La tensione fra il test di proporzionalità e il margine di apprezzamento - 8. La connessione fra posizione individuale e istituzione pubblica …- a) … nel caso Hamidović - b) … nel caso Lachiri - 9. Disamina breve delle pronunzie in materia di porto di simboli e della loro ratio - 10. L’analisi del limite “dei diritti e delle libertà altrui” - 11. Una svolta a favore delle minoranze? - 12. La questione irrisolta di forme religiosamente motivate di face covering in ambito europeo - 13. L’uso di abbigliamento religiosamente caratterizzato nell’ambito delle aule giudiziarie in Canada: l’opinione di maggioranza nella pronunzia R. v. NS. - 14. La concurring opinion del giudice LeBel - 15. La dissenting opinion del giudice Abella - 16. Le potenziali ricadute della pronunzia canadese sulla libertà religiosa individuale e su quella del gruppo di appartenenza - 17. La giurisprudenza canadese successiva - 18. Il porto di simboli religiosi nelle aule giudiziarie negli U.S.A. – 19. Il porto del niqab nelle aule giudiziarie negli U.S.A. - 20. La questione del niqab nelle aule giudiziarie in Australia - 21. Le corti e le minoranze: un tentativo di comparazione fra la giurisprudenza dei giudici extraeuropei di common law … - 22. … e la giurisprudenza della Corte europea - 23. Lo strumento dell’„accomodamento ragionevole” negli ordinamenti extraeuropei di common law - 24. La possibilità del “trapianto” dell’accomodamento ragionevole in ambito comunitario. Il caso Eweida - 25. La conciliabilità del parametro dell’accomodamento ragionevole con gli standard della Corte europea - 26. La garanzia di propozionalità in ambito europeo e i suoi limiti - 27. Il limite del margine di apprezzamento - 28. La necessità di un più rigoroso bilanciamento fra margine di apprezzamento e principio di proporzionalità - 29 Le potenzialità del “ragionevole accomodamento” nell’ambito convenzionale europeo - 30. Una valutazione comparativa del rapporto fra libertà di espressione religiosa “privata” e spazio “pubblico” - 31. La libertà di manifestazione religiosa dei privati nelle aule giudiziarie … - a) … in ambito europeo - b) ... in ambito extraeuropeo - 32) Annotazioni riepilogative.

Religious Garb in the Courtroom

ABSTRACT: The present essay analyses the crucial issue of the freedom to wear religious garments in the courtroom. It provides a comparative survey of European, U.S., Canadian and Australian case law, investigating how they are facing the question concerning the place of religious expression in the public square, and taking into consideration different legal frameworks and their recent developments.

SOMMARIO: 1. Fenomeno migratorio, istanze di protezione internazionale e risposte degli ordinamenti europei - 2. Riconoscimento dello status di rifugiato e fattore religioso - 3. La recente pronunzia n. 28152 del 2017 della Corte di Cassazione - 4. La valorizzazione della prospettiva di genere nel sistema di protezione internazionale - 5. L’intersezione religione/genere quale pivot di una protezione rafforzata di soggetti particolarmente deboli.

The Intersection between Religion and Gender Protection: Which Impact on the Dynamics of Hospitality? (Preliminary Remarks to Court of Cassation, Section I, 24 November 2017, No. 28152)

ABSTRACT: The intersection between immigration, citizenship, integration in the EU countries is a challenging topic for scholars and religion is becoming a crucial factor. Transnational space allows the development of new meanings, negotiation of identities, interaction of religious actors and practices and integration/participation has an impact on the identity of migrants. The increase of migrations from non-European countries, and the impact of new religious needs underlines the question of whether religious belonging is a factor of either empowerment or disempowerment in the host society. At the same time, migrations in an era of economic crisis emphasize skepticism and hostility towards Islamic groups; refugees and asylum seekers, and the questions connected with international protection have become other controversial issues, contributing to the development of a growing anti-immigrant attitude. Modern democracies are expected to offer answers to increasing demands of international protection; at the same time international protection is becoming a strategic tool to obtain hospitality in European countries, and to avoid the limits connected  to access for economic reasons. Recent Italian case law witnesses the development of a gender-sensitive perspective and focuses on the increasing link between religion, gender and international protection.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le sfide del nuovo multiculturalismo in materia matrimoniale - 2. La riforma del processo matrimoniale canonico e le sue potenziali ricadute sul giudizio di delibazione - 3. Il processus brevior - 4. La crisi della bilateralità - 5. Il “mite” pluralismo statunitense e le nuove “anti-sharia laws” - 6. L’esperienza del pluralismo “forte” israeliano e i suoi effetti sulle minoranze - 7. Modelli di pluralismo a confronto.

Pluralism in Marriage: the New Challenges of the “Overlapping Jurisdictions”

ABSTRACT: The challenges of the “new multiculturalism” in the field of marriage law regard not only which forms of marriage should be recognized by the State but also the forums in which marriage cases can be adjudicated and the role of faith-based laws and religious courts in democratic and secular legal systems. Religious groups increasingly ask for accommodation of their cultural identities; however, a growing skepticism concerning forms of religious jurisdiction is developing in regimes devoted to individual liberties, which employ public policy as grounds to vacate religious rulings. The present paper highlights the need for Western States to update and exploit the full potential of their legal instruments in order to prevent restrictions on collective and individual religious freedom in matters of marriage.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il problema della legittimità di forme di assistenza finanziaria alle organizzazioni confessionali nell’ordinamento statunitense - 2. L’evoluzione della giurisprudenza della Corte Suprema - 3. I margini di discrezionalità dei singoli Stati - 4. Il caso Trinity Lutheran Church v. Pauley - 5. Le posizioni sostenute dalle parti - 6. Il confronto con il caso Locke v. Davey - 7. Il retaggio dei “Blaine Amendments” - 8. Il trattamento spettante alle istituzioni di natura religiosa - 9. La Corte Roberts e la clausola di separazione: nuove traiettorie interpretative.

More than a playground dispute: the Trinity Luthera Church v. Pauley case and the new trajectories of the interpretation of the Establishment Clause

ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the problem of the access of nonprofit religiously affiliated organizations to the public funding necessary for these institutions to develop their mission: in the USA, nonprofit religiously affiliated organizations are denied direct access to public funding but some forms of indirect access have been gradually admitted. The article examines new perspectives opened by recent Supreme Court rulings, which are going to offer a new, more equal role to nonprofit religiously affiliated organizations, preserving their spiritual identity.

SOMMARIO: 1. Nuove rivendicazioni di differenze negli U.S.A. e in Europa: un tentativo di comparazione - 2. I conflitti generati dal Contraception Mandate negli U.S.A. – 3. Il caso Zubik v. Burwell – 4. La difficile definizione del concetto di substantial burden – 5. La soluzione di compromesso adottata dalla Corte Suprema - 6. Accomodazionismo religioso e nuove “battaglie culturali” - 7. Prerogative dei soggetti confessionalmente connotati e “costi sociali” del loro riconoscimento - 8. Il fenomeno delle nuove conscience claims - 9. La valutazione dei third-party burdens - 10. Il diritto all’obiezione di coscienza dinanzi alla Corte di Strasburgo - 11. La decisione Eweida and others v. United Kingdom e l’ampliamento della portata dell’art. 9 CEDU - 12. Il rilievo attribuito al principio di non discriminazione - 13. La valorizzazione del margine di apprezzamento - 14. Annotazioni riepilogative.

New forms of Conscientious Objection between Burdens on Religious Freedom and Third-Party Burdens. A Comparative Analysis of the Supreme Court USA and of the Court of Strasbourg Case Law

Abstract: This paper analyzes the emerging tension between new complicity-based conscience claims of accommodation and the costs associated with them, in the ambit of the current national constitutional and international law frameworks. In a comparative perspective, recent decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court and of the European Court of Human Rights will be examined. The U.S. Supreme Court is moving towards a greater recognition of religious freedom in its collective dimension in the ambit of a common law framework; the European Court of Human Rights is entrusted with the delicate balance between unity and diversity, without unduly interfering with the national identities and legal regimes recognized to the Churches.

Sommario : 1. Il paradigma dello Stato secolare e la legislative prayer – 2. Il precedente Marsh v. Chambers – 3. La frammentazione degli orientamenti delle Corti d’Appello – 4. La decisione Town of Greece v. Galloway – 5 . Il coercion test e le sue diverse interpretazioni a opera dei giudici della Corte Suprema – 6. La “ soft ” dissenting opinion del giudice Elena Kagan – 7. Il parametro della “discriminazione intenzionale” introdotto dal giudice Alito – 8. Le opinions dei giudici Kennedy e Kagan: due approcci alla religious accommodation a confronto – 9. La civil religion nell’accezione statunitense – 10. La legislative prayer al crocevia fra Free Speech Clause ed Establishment Clause – 11. La legislative prayer come forma di private speech ? – 12. La continuità con la giurisprudenza in materia di religious displays – 13 . La paventata contrazione del campo di operatività dell’ Establishment Clause – 14. Annotazioni (provvisoriamente) riepilogative. The Roberts Court and the “municipal prayer” Abstract : In the USA, few topics are more divisive than the government’s use of religious expressions and symbols. The Supreme Court has tried to find a balance between the Establishment Clause of the U.S. Constitution and the inclusion of religious expressions in government activities. In Town of Greece v. Galloway, the Roberts Court upheld a town’s practice of opening board meetings with prayers from invited speakers. The essay critically examines the various opinions in the case, and looks at where this decision suggests the Establishment Clause doctrine is moving award.

The Roberts Court and the “municipal prayer”

ABSTRACT: In the USA, few topics are more divisive than the government’s use of religious expressions and symbols. The Supreme Court has tried to find a balance between the Establishment Clause of the U.S. Constitution and the inclusion of religious expressions in government activities. In Town of Greece v. Galloway, the Roberts Court upheld a town’s practice of opening board meetings with prayers from invited speakers. The essay critically examines the various opinions in the case, and looks at where this decision suggests the Establishment Clause doctrine is moving award.

SOMMARIO: 1. La libertà religiosa negli istituti di detenzione negli U.S.A. e il caso Holt v. Hobbs – 2. Le esigenze di bilanciamento fra libertà religiosa ed esigenze di ordine e sicurezza nelle istituzioni penitenziarie – 3. La diluizione delle forme di tutela della libertà religiosa nel contesto degli istituti di detenzione – 4. L’impatto del R.F.R.A . sulla tutela della libertà religiosa negli istituti di detenzione – 5. L’adozione del R.L.U.I.P.A. – 6. Il riconoscimento di legittimità del R.L.U.I.P.A . alla luce dell’ Establishment Clause – 7. I nodi irrisolti del caso Cutter v. Wilkinson – 8. Le interferenze del Prison Litigation Reform Act sulla tutela dell’esercizio della libertà religiosa dei detenuti – 9. La frammentazione dei parametri adoperati dai diversi circuiti d’appello – 10. La decisione Holt v. Hobbs – 11. Le motivazioni della Corte – 12. Il (parziale) ridimensionamento del parametro della due deference – 13. La tutela estensiva della libertà religiosa promossa dalla Corte Roberts – 14. Holt e Hobby Lobby a confronto – 15. Il crescente rilievo assunto dall’elemento dei third-party burdens nella giurisprudenza della Corte – 16. Annotazioni conclusive.

SOMMARIO: 1. L’evoluzione del matrimonio in senso secolaristico – 2. Le riforme legislative in materia matrimoniale in Spagna – 3. La disciplina matrimoniale adottata in Italia – 4. La tutela delle esigenze confessionali: a) in Italia – 5. …b) in Spagna – 6. Le peculiarità della rilevanza civile accordata al matrimonio islamico in Spagna – 7. L’esigenza di una legge aggiornata in materia di libertà religiosa in Italia – 8. Il riconoscimento di forme di autonomia in materia matrimoniale – 9. Possibili forme di riconoscimento delle esigenze confessionali mediante il diritto comune – 10. Il covenant marriage negli U.S.A. – 11. Ammissibilità (o no) del covenant marriage negli ordinamenti di tipo concordatario – 12. Problematiche relative all’assenza di una normativa di attuazione in materia matrimoniale in Italia – 13. Verso la realizzazione di un sistema matrimoniale europeo? – 14. Gli orientamenti rinvenibili nel Regolamento n. 2201 del 2003.