Contributi di Germana Carobene

SOMMARIO: 1. Sulla nozione di religione, confessione, setta - 2. La Chiesa di Scientology e il suo inquadramento - 3. Problematiche giurisprudenziali nel riconoscimento di Scientology - 4. La configurazione del reati di associazione per delinquere - 5. Il plagio e l’abus de faiblesse - 6. I movimenti “anti-sette”. Considerazioni conclusive.

Scientology. Religious narrative and legal rules

ABSTRACT: Scientology is an exemplary case, in the definition of "religious confession", both because it is a movement of rupture with respect to the common religious feeling, and because its recognition as confession has taken place, in Italy, following a process that developed, with alternating events, for twenty years, until the final judgment of 2000. It is particularly interesting to reflect on the alleged crimes, which are anomalous if they relate to a religious context, but also on similar trials that have taken place in France and, more recently, in Belgium. In addition, it is important to stress that the three judicial procedures examined were also influenced by two important factors, which were not always explicitly stated in the course of the proceedings: the subject of mental manipulation and the action of anti-cult movements in public debate. If in Italy, plagiarism has been decriminalized by a ruling of the Constitutional Court, in France and Belgium laws have recently been introduced against the abuse of weakness in sectarian movements which, however, have not been recalled in the Scientology trials. Very dangerous is, moreover, the public action of the anti cult movements that can act as a sounding board of news not always reliable and that, often, are financed with public money. All these considerations offer interesting insights into the level of democratic secularism and the protection of religious freedom.

SOMMARIO: 1. Gli interventi contro i Testimoni di Geova nella Federazione Russa - 2. La presenza storica dei Testimoni di Geova nel Paese - 3. La libertà religiosa nella normativa dell’Unione Sovietica - 4. Le leggi sulla libertà di coscienza degli anni ’90 - 5. La legislazione “anti estremismo” e antiterrorismo - 6. Considerazioni conclusive.

“Anti-extremism” Legislation and Religious Freedom in the Russian Federation. The case of Jehovah's Witnesses

ABSTRACT: The application of "anti-extremism" legislation to minority religious groups in the Russian Federation has led to a progressive institutional tightening of the persecution and heavy discrimination, especially against Jehovah's Witnesses. Although many of these legislative instruments have existed for over a decade, the Russian government has only recently begun to use them in sustained campaigns designed to punish or exclude "non-traditional" religions and movements. In the specific case of Jehovah's Witnesses, these measures have taken on the purpose of delegitimising an entire community, solely because of the religious faith being persecuted, with accusations ranging from missionary activity to offending the religious feelings of believers. Overall, these interventions are part of a wider process of ideological control over society, aimed at curbing, if not stifling, the forces of political and religious dissent. It is well known that secularism is based on two fundamental principles: the inviolability of human rights, which constitute the prodrome of political power and therefore of the State, and, secondly, the importance of a culture and institutions that guarantee the effectiveness of pluralism. The analysis of the Russian history is, in this sense, an important perspective because it calls into question the European model of recognition and guarantee of religious pluralism.

SOMMARIO: 1. Interventi legislativi della Regione Lombardia sui luoghi di culto - 2. La sentenza della Corte costituzionale n. 504 del 2019 sulla l.r. Lombardia del 2005 - 3. Pianificazione urbanistica secondaria e politiche regionali - 4. Considerazioni conclusive.

The so-called "anti-mosque" legislation between governance policies and protection of religious freedom

ABSTRACT: A recent intervention by the Constitutional Court of 2019 continued in the path intended to dismantle the Lombard legislation, also known as the "anti mosque" law, underlining the danger of a federalism, producing a growing fragmentation in a matter of such delicate constitutional relevance. The Court has currently canceled the obligation to regulate, through a Plan for religious equipment (PAR), the opening of any place of worship and the need to associate this Plan with the PGT (Territorial Government Plan). A territorial governance project, in fact, from the point of view of urban planning, must include the legal discipline of social religiosity, contextualising this intervention with the need for a structuring of aggregation spaces, open to all religious and secular bodies, concretely present in the social fabric. The construction of buildings intended for religious worship or, as more recently defined, of "equipment of common interest for religious purposes" is a matter by its nature suspended between the protection of religious freedom - even in its expression of collective law - and the legislation urbanism.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il problema dell'eutanasia e il diritto alla salute - 2. Profilo medico-scientifico: definizione di morte, stato vegetativo; 3. Posizioni dottrinarie della Chiesa Cattolica - 4. Etica protestante - 5. Considerazioni conclusive.

SOMMARIO: 1. I reati culturalmente motivati e il tentato omicidio per causa di “onore” - 2. Il concetto di onore nella cultura e nella tradizione giuridica dei Paesi mussulmani - 3. L'aggravante dei futili motivi nel nostro sistema penale - 4. Considerazioni conclusive.

The crime of honor and the aggravating factor of the trivial reasons' culturally (and religiously) motivated

ABSTRACT: A recent case law of the Italian Court of Cassation, on 2013, ruled that, in the case of the attempted murder of a daughter, trivial reasons cannot be considered based on the honor of the family and the violation of a fundamental religious precept. The evaluation of these cases then relates to that, of a much broader scope, linked to the concept of 'cultural crimes' or cultural defence. It is necessary, however, to perform a careful balancing between guilt and offensiveness proportion on the one hand and, on the other hand, to consider the extent to which the author of a culturally motivated crime can enjoy a punitive treatment, though attenuated compared to those who commit the same crime without a cultural motivation. A judgment intrinsically linked to a cultural and ethical relativism, cannot be accepted that though respecting the multiculturalism of the western society in general, and of the Italian one in particular, must always find its legitimacy by submitting to the principles and values on which the Italian Constitution is founded.

SUMMARY: 1. Preliminary observations. The recent English case law about Scientology - 2. The long Italian process - 3. The condemnation of the religious movement in France - 4. Conclusion.

SOMMARIO: 1. Affidamento ed educazione (religiosa) dei minori - 2. Evoluzione legislativa in tema di educazione dei minori - 3. Analisi giurisprudenziale con particolare attenzione ai Testimoni di Geova.

SOMMARIO: 1. Una recente condanna dell’Associazione di Scientology in Francia - 2. Problematiche sollevate dalla decisione - 3. Il reato di escroquerie/truffa e le persone giuridiche - 4. Il principio di laicità e il diritto penale - 5. Modello liberale e normative penali.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il concordato come strumento nomologico del diritto ecclesiastico - 2. Strutturazione normativa dell’istituto nella sua fase attuale - 3. Configurazione giuridica degli accordi concordatari e collegamento strutturale ai trattati internazionali - 4. L’Accordo con il Brasile del 14 novembre 2008. Considerazioni conclusive.

“Il faut séparer toute espèce de religion de toute espèce de gouvernement, la religion ne doit pas plus être une affaire d’État que la manière de faire la cuisine. Il doit être permis de prier Dieu à sa mode comme de manger suivant son goût; et pourvu qu’on soit soumis aux lois, l’estomac et la conscience doivent avoir une liberté entière. Cela viendra un jour, mais je mourrai avec la douleur de n’avoir pas vu cet heureux temps”. Dans cette lettre, écrite par Voltaire à un ami cher à l’âge de la maturité, au temps de ses interventions directes au service de la tolérance, se profilent les thèmes clés des polémiques de l’auteur: en partant de la nécessité d'une réduction dans de plus justes proportions du facteur religieux au domaine privés, il  propose trois principes fondamentaux de l'État moderne: tolérance et liberté; séparation du pouvoir politique et du religieux; gouvernement des lois. (Continua)

SOMMARIO: 1. Considerazioni introduttive. Configurazione giuridica delle attuali dinamiche concordatarie nei Paesi di recente strutturazione politico-giuridica - 2. L’Accordo del 2006 ed il suo contenuto normativo - 3. Evoluzione storica della Bosnia-Erzgovina fino all’attuale strutturazione politica - 4. Confronto con le regolamentazioni concordatarie degli altri Paesi dell’area balcanica e socialista. Conclusioni.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il caso della Chiesa di Scientology davanti alla Corte Europea dei diritti dell’uomo - 2. La particolare evoluzione dei rapporti potere politico - fenomeno religioso nella storia russa - 3. Scientology e le problematiche di identificazione di una ‘confessione religiosa’ - 4. I rilievi dei giudici europei: violazione della libertà religiosa e necessità di intervento nella domestic jurisdiction.