Contenuti per la categoria: Secolarizzazione

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. I precedenti giurisprudenziali - 3. Un nuovo ruolo per i giudici tunisini? - 4. La tutela dei diritti e delle libertà: tra comparazione e fiqh - 5. Profili comparatistici. Il processo di rettifica del genere in una pronuncia della Corte d’appello di Beirut - 6. Considerazioni conclusive.

A landmark decision concerning gender rectification in Tunisia: the right to a private life between comparative law, international law and fiqh

ABSTRACT: The decision of the Tribunal of Tunis, concerning gender rectification in public registries of a transgender FtM person who underwent sex reassignment treatment, is an example of innovative case law. The judgment, changing the previous case law, is characterized by the use of the comparative method, so that, in the grounds for ruling, legal principles from different foreign jurisdictions and the fiqh coexist. Specifically, the Tribunal of Tunis, showing an open and dialogical approach to other jurisdictions and legislations of the globe, has consecrated the fundamental human right of gender rectification in public registries, rarely recognized in other Arab countries.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. La procedura costituzionale - 3. Il diritto penale - 4. I principî: a) la dignità … - 5. (segue) b) la coscienza … - 6. (segue) c) la separazione (ovvero la laicità).

Presented uncostitutionality and justifiable assisted suicide: innovations in continuity

ABSTRACT: For the first time the Italian Constitutional Court adopted a double ruling (anticipatory the one, deciding the other) in the same judicial review. And for the first time also elaborated the circumstances of a justifiable (doctor-) assisted suicide, that so far was in any case a crime. They are two outstanding jurisprudential innovations, however the aim of the Author is to demonstrate that they are not in break but in continuity with the decision techniques of the Court, on one hand, and the leading cases on the topic of criminal justifications, on the other hand. Particularly the concept of subjective dignity, that according to the Court is the reason behind the decision of the patient, is recurring in the precedents of the Court of Cassation. Generally, moreover, the concepts of conscience, life and death prevail on this matter, neverthless are differently interpreted according to an ethic, specially religious, perspective or a secular, specially state, perspective. The merit of the decision consists precisely of the separatist, secular planning between ethics and law.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Fattore religioso e società multiculturale: alla ricerca di uno spazio giuridico dai contorni flessibili - 3. Crisi della rappresentanza e “resilienza laica” - 4. La politica a favore (o contro) i simboli e la funzione dello stato laico - 5. Uso patologico dei simboli religiosi e nuove “mappe giuridiche” (… oltre il diritto pattizio) - 6. Conclusioni.

Commodification and instrumentalization of religious symbols in the secular State

ABSTRACT: The article deals with religious symbols and their use in the public and legal sphere by political actors. Following some recent events, the author shows that the (mis)use of symbols in political life generates disorientation in both social and electoral dynamics. Such (mis)use is also relevant to positive and secular law, insofar this latter is called to regain its natural flexibility, to meet new needs of individuals and collective formations, induced by social changes of multicultural society.

SOMMARIO: 1. Riflessioni a margine della libertà religiosa con specifico riguardo alle confessioni senza rappresentanza - 2. I disegni di legge sulla libertà religiosa e i rapporti con le confessioni non strutturate o prive di adeguata rappresentanza istituzionale - 3. Le confessioni religiose senza rappresentanza: ulteriori osservazioni e prospettive.

Remarks on religions lacking any adequate institutional representatives in the light of social-ethnic context

ABSTRACT: Because of intense migratory flows today, the coexistence of various religious movement, often very different among them, in our society has increased. This phenomenon is known as ‘religious pluralism’ and it implies that before the law all religions have the right to exist, to preach their own doctrines, to worship, and to gain a recognition of ‘special’ juridical positions. In this background the religious factor is a diriment element and represents the focal point of cultural and juridical debate.

SOMMARIO: 1. Alla ricerca del popolo - 2. Il popolo politico - 3. Il popolo religioso - 4. L’intreccio populistico ereditato - 5. L’intreccio populistico in atto - 6. L’assalto dell’anti-pluralismo - 7. L’antidoto della laicità.

Populism, Religions, Law

ABSTRACT – The political populism has a background that is not easily detectable: the sense of religious or the sacred that enlivens the holistic view, without intermediate groups, of the people. The political populism needs symbols and goes to the ancient religious image. This tissue is looming on the law plan because aims to break up the fundamentals principles of the constitutional state, particularly the citizens equality according to their cultures and identities. To counter the innate antipluralism of the populism there soars the principle of secularism with its content of respect for the differences and, under this point of view, limit of the popular soveregnty.

SOMMARIO : 1. Liminaire - 2. Les transformations du droit de liberté religieuse - 3. Transformations européennes, circulation de modelés et “universalisme modeste” - 4 Pour une “saine osmose” entre sphère séculière étatique et sphère religieuse.

For a shared political agora around the Mediterranean

ABSTRACT: The right to religious freedom is in profound transformation on both sides of the Mediterranean. While the Muslim presence shows European difficulties in the treatment of the collective dimensions of this right, the southern shore is confronted with the demands connected to the individualization of beliefs. On both sides, the challenge of freedom of conscience and religion and of the construction of pluralist constitutional democracies proposes ancient questions in renewed terms, soliciting a new rediscovery of the answers given by the universalistic constitutionalism of the second post-war period.

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. Flag Protection. Legislation - 3. Flag Protection. Jurisprudence - 4. Foreign Flags - 5. Desecration of Religious Books - 6. Conclusions.

ABSTRACT: Freedom of expression is axiomatic to liberal democracy. However, extremely divergent paradigms about when it must be curbed are manifest in the legal systems of different countries, especially concerning hate speech and speech offensive to religious or patriotic feelings. The United States is more protective of freedom of expression even at the cost of deliberately ignoring the need - especially in culturally diverse societies common in democratic countries nowadays - for dialogue rather than confrontation and for a pluralistic respect of the dignity and integrity of others and that which they cherish. In contrast, the European paradigm willingly sacrifices freedom of expression for the sake of protecting the sensibilities of the different segments of society. The theoretical question of the proper perimeters of such infringements upon freedom of expression aside, legislation prohibiting the desecration of national symbols on the one hand, and of religiously venerated objects on the other hand, can be seen as a measure of the emphasis ascribed in a jurisdiction to tolerance and pluralism as a justification for limiting democratic rights. This paper is a critical review of the legislation and case-law of flag burning statutes, and statutes outlawing the desecration of religious books, in Israel.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il contesto socio-politico-ecclesiale del magistero del cardinale Martini circa l’immigrazione e gli stranieri: allargamento dell’UE, caduta delle divisioni in Europa, costruzione della nuova UE, crescente immigrazione extraUE - 2. La prospettiva ideale: il personalismo cristiano e il processo di unificazione europea - 3. La presenza degli stranieri privi di sicurezza giuridica e in cerca di lavoro e di ospitalità interpella i cittadini e i cristiani nel sostegno e nell’accoglienza: l’immigrazione come forma di povertà - 4. Non ignorare, né reprimere il fenomeno migratorio, ma accogliere ogni persona come tale: l’esigenza di norme condivise improntate all’eguaglianza nella tutela dei diritti fondamentali per regolare in modo ordinario l’immigrazione e la convivenza. Risolvere i problemi degli stranieri contribuisce a risolvere anche i problemi degli italiani - 5. Non generalizzare, ma discernere i diversi tipi di migrazione in base agli effetti positivi per la persona migrante e nell’ambito di un nuovo ordine economico globale: gli Stati di origine e quelli di immigrazione contengano le cause economiche e politiche che rendono insostenibile vivere e costringono a emigrare e favoriscano l’emigrazione come libera scelta derivante da interdipendenza e da desiderio di miglioramento culturale ed economico - 6. I diritti fondamentali di ogni persona umana da riconoscere a tutti, cittadini e stranieri: occorre prevedere un cammino graduale e progressivo verso la concreta realizzazione di una “carta dei diritti del migrante” - 7. L’immigrazione non come minaccia, ma come occasione profetica di rigenerazione e cambiamento per ogni società e per ogni Stato: nei rapporti tra nord e sud del mondo superare ogni forma di razzismo e imparare a convivere pacificamente in una società multiculturale, a superare le frontiere, ad accogliere, a educare al rispetto delle differenze e a rispettare norme comuni improntate all’eguaglianza e al rispetto dei diritti fondamentali della persona - 8. Condizione per una integrabilità che non introduca germi di scontri razziali e sociali è assicurare l’accettazione e l’assimilazione da parte di tutti di un nucleo minimo di valori: il principio di eguaglianza senza discriminazioni e la dichiarazione universale dei diritti dell’uomo. Conseguenze di tali principi: l’impossibilità di importare istituti giuridici fondati su discriminazioni o contrarie alla laicità dello Stato e di adottare politiche migratorie disumane o liberticide - 9. Occorrono atteggiamenti più solidi e maturi di fronte all’immigrazione: con azioni culturali ed educative aiutare a formare la società multiculturale; evitare chiusure e ripiegamenti su sé stessi e disciplinare con leggi il processo migratorio - 10. Imparare a conoscersi e a accettarsi reciprocamente e a convivere tra diversi in una società multiculturale e multireligiosa e di immigrazione: prospettive e dilemmi del pluralismo nei rapporti interpersonali e sociali, nella comunicazione, nell’educazione interculturale e nell’integrazione sociale - 11. Le prospettive del dialogo islamo-cristiano nella vita quotidiana: educare bambini e ragazzi a conoscere e rispettare le diversità religiose e convivere pacificamente rispettando le leggi senza chiedere trattamenti speciali e senza rinnegare la propria identità - 12. Una Chiesa da genti diverse, accogliente, aperta agli stranieri, un esempio per tutti di fraternità che favorisce la convivenza: il sogno della Chiesa di Ambrogio e il sogno della Chiesa di Martini - 13. A fondamento di tutto la visione dello straniero e delle migrazioni nella Bibbia: l’uomo migrante e i tre motivi (carismatico, cristologico, escatologico) per l’accoglienza dello straniero - 14. L’eredità del magistero di Martini su immigrazione e stranieri.

ABSTRACT: The paper analyses the relevance of the thought of Carlo Maria Martini, Cardinal and Archbishop of Milano from 1979 to 2003, with regard to the legal and political choices that national and European institutions must make in order to regulate both immigration and a multicultural and multireligious coexistence. After recalling the background of Christian personalism and of European unification, the paper focuses on the institutional and legal aspects of Martini’s thinking which is founded on the biblical message as well as on a true commitment to constitutional, international and European provisions. According to Martini, migration is an ordinary phenomenon and it should be managed in an ordinary way, also as a chance to improve everyone’s conditions and to renew all States. We must therefore both prepare ourselves and educate to coexistence among people of different cultures and religions: such a coexistence will be peaceful only if everyone respects the principle of equality, the secularity of the State and the fundamental rights of each person.

SOMMARIO: 1. Coordinate definitorie - 1.1. Aspetti metodologici - 1.2. Aspetti terminologici: pressioni, interferenze, ingerenze - 1.3. Direzione e verso - 2. Elementi generali e strutturali - 2.1. Chiesa: missione universale, laicità e sovranità - 2.2. Le divisioni (anche mediatiche) del Papa (e della CEI) - 3. Rassegna di casi - 3.1. Immigrazione - 3.2. Unioni civili - 3.3. Le elezioni politiche del 2018 e il governo Conte - 3.4. Ambientalismo - 3.5. Le elezioni europee del 2019 e l’europeismo - 4. Declinazioni giuridiche nell’analisi dell’art. 7, primo comma, Cost. - 5. Considerazioni conclusive.

Independent and sovereign: considerations about art. 7, I of the Italian Constitution from the point of view of Catholic Church thrusts on Italian Republic

ABSTRACT: The article deals with the separation of Church and State in the frame of the Italian Constitution. It compasses various examples from the last years, and in particular during the pontificate of pope Francis, where the Catholic Church expressed strong opinions about any issue above the Parliament or the Government or tried to influence public opinion in Italy. It discusses how these episodes influence the relationships between State and Church.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Le regole alimentari nel contesto israeliano e l’irrisolto dualismo (anche simbolico) tra identità collettiva nazionale e religiosa - 3. L’approccio europeo al Kashrut e la questione della macellazione rituale - 4. Le relazioni tra precetti religiosi alimentari ebraici e normativa secolare negli ordinamenti della multiculturalità - 5. Le Kasher food laws negli Stati Uniti - 6. Nota conclusiva.

Judaism and Food: an ancient binomial and the new tendencies on the background of multiculturalism

Abstract: In Judaism, religion and food have always been the terms of a strong spiritual and cultural ‘binomial’, variously affecting the community as well as the individual dimension. In Jewish religious tradition, food is at the same time an instrument of religious elevation, and it represents a powerful factor of collective identity. The paper aims at deepening this binomial in a comparative perspective that takes into consideration some specific features that seem particularly relevant.  a) The role of the Constitutional Courts in the containment of sacred law, according to the Hirshl’s perspective (I. Hirshl, 2010), and in particular the case of Israel where the scope of religious authorities’ prerogative over the issue of kashrut certificates by the Chief Rabbinate represents an important part of the struggle between secular and religious attitudes. The judicial debate on Kashrut contributes to delineate the role of the Supreme Court of Israel in responding to the increased tension between Israel’s dual commitment to liberal-democratic and Jewish values. b) The new conflictual tendencies, in the relation between food and multiculturalism, concerning kosher slaughter in Europe.  c) The relationship between Jewish dietary laws, religious liberties, the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause in the United States constitutional system.  Starting from these topics, the paper will try to argue on the manifestation in food law of the intrinsic duality in the state of Israel, together Jewish and democratic, and the reflection of this duality in the other legal systems where constitutional theocracy is prevented by constitutional provisions of secularity and pluralism, but secularism appears in various and different forms.