Contenuti per la categoria: Libertà di coscienza e di religione, individuale e collettiva

1 - Con ordinanza n. 19618 del 18 settembre 2020 una sezione della Cassazione ha rimesso alle Sezioni Unite la decisione di un ricorso contro la sentenza della Corte d’appello di Perugia, che ha respinto l’appello proposto da un docente contro la sentenza del Tribunale della stessa sede che aveva ritenuto legittima la sanzione disciplinare della temporanea sospensione dall’insegnamento comminatagli dall’Ufficio Scolastico Provinciale. Alla base di tale provvedimento vi era stato il comportamento del docente, il quale - secondo quanto esposto nell’ordinanza in oggetto - (segue)

The Crucifix controversy before the Supreme Court’s United Sections: protection of rights or iconoclast fury?

ABSTRACT: This short paper critically examines, in the light of Italian and European case-law, the contents and juridical arguments of an order issued by a Section of the Italian Court of Cassation, which remits to the United Sections – the highest level of the Court – the decision on the Crucifix controversy arisen in a State school. Differently from previuos cases, in the presento one the teacher, and not the students or their families, removed the crucifix, hanging on the wall of the classroom as required by an old regulation, against student’s will. This repeated behaviour stirred a controversy between the teacher and the school director, which is now under judgment. Under the Italian law, secularism is not in contrast with the display of religious symbols in a State school, whose mission is that of fostering and promoting the development of children’s and student’s personality also through the free exchange of different ideas and points of view.

SOMMARIO: 1. Dal riconoscimento degli effetti civili delle sentenze ecclesiastiche di nullità matrimoniale alla trascrizione del ripudio islamico - 2. Le specificità dell’istituto del ripudio - 3. I dubbi di compatibilità sollevati dal ripudio alla prova della recente giurisprudenza di legittimità - 4. La sentenza n. 16804 del 7 agosto 2020 e l’intrascrivibilità di un ripudio sciaraitico pronunciato in Palestina - 5. L’ordinanza n. 17170 del 14 agosto 2020 sulla trascrivibilità di un divorzio unilaterale pronunciato in Iran - 6. Annotazioni conclusive: ordine pubblico e diversità religiosa alla prova degli effetti generati dalla trascrizione.

Diversity and Private International Law: Islamic repudiation and its relevance into the Italian legal system in the light of two recent judgments of the Court of Cassation

ABSTRACT: Two recent judgments of the Court of Cassation lead to the center of attention the issue of recognition in Italy of repudiation orders issued abroad by Sharia courts. The general clause of international public order becomes thus the filter to measure the degree of openness of our legal system to other values, clearly foreign to the Italian and European legal horizon.

Il convegno, di cui la Rivista Stato, Chiese e pluralismo confessionale oggi pubblica le relazioni, prende le mosse da una riflessione nata all’interno dei contesti di ricerca specifici dei curatori. A vario titolo, abbiamo da anni seguito con attenzione il tema delle minoranze sotto molteplici aspetti: minoranze e diritti religiosi, conflitti tra libertà di espressione e libertà di religione, la tutela delle minoranze in Italia e negli ordinamenti giuridici degli stati europei. A partire da queste premesse, ci è parso opportuno organizzare un incontro che fosse dedicato a esaminare la situazione di alcuni gruppi religiosi di minoranza che sono giuridicamente e socialmente emarginati nella società italiana. Lo scopo del convegno è stato quello di valutare –attraverso un’analisi che prendesse in considerazione anche i profili storici, politici e sociologici del problema - la capacità del sistema giuridico italiano di includere i gruppi religiosi minoritari più piccoli e controversi e di discutere quali possano essere le migliori strategie per raggiungere questo obiettivo.

Religious minorities in Italy at the margins. Religious diversity in Italy between Law and Politics

ABSTRACT: The meeting aims at examining the situation of belief and religious minorities, which are at the margins of the Italian society and its legal system. Through an analysis, that also covers the historical, political and sociological profiles of the issue, speakers and participants will discuss how well the Italian legal system is able to respect and promote the rights of religious and belief organizations, including the smallest and newest ones. The debate will also put under scrutiny the capacity of the Italian legal system to include the smallest and most controversial religious minorities and the best strategies to achieve this goal.

Questo incontro nasce da un dato di fatto che è sotto i nostri occhi: in Italia non tutte le minoranze religiose sono uguali o, meglio, sono trattate nello stesso modo dall’ordinamento giuridico. Nel 1978 Giorgio Peyrot poteva definire le minoranze religiose in Italia un “coacervo anonimo degli indistinti”. Aveva ragione perché allora vi era una divisione netta tra la Chiesa cattolica da un lato, i cui rapporti con lo Stato italiano erano regolati dai Patti lateranensi, e tutte le altre comunità religiose dall’altro, che ricadevano sotto la disciplina della legge sui culti ammessi del 1929. Ora non è più così e continuare a parlare di maggioranza e minoranze religiose, come se esse fossero due blocchi monolitici, sarebbe fuorviante. All’interno di quello che era “il coacervo anonimo degli indistinti”, è necessario distinguere almeno due grandi gruppi di minoranze religiose, quelle incluse nel sistema giuridico italiano e quelle che invece ne restano ai margini e che nel titolo di questo incontro sono definite “le minoranze religiose escluse”.

Religious minorities escluded. A thematic introduction

ABSTRACT: In the contest of a wider pluralism of the Italian and of the European society at large, it is more and more necessary to try to guarantee an equal treatment to all religious minorities. But how to identify what a religious minority is? This paper points three possible ways and finally proposes a new possible tool to analyse the legal status of religious minorities in Europe.

SOMMARIO: 1. Considerazioni introduttive - 2. Minoranze religiose e costruzione della nazione - 3. Per una storia delle minoranze religiose.

Religious minorities in Italy: a historical-religious perspective

ABSTRACT: The history of religious minorities in unitary Italy has been deeply linked to the construction of the national state both in its formative phase (the Risorgimento) and in the period of liberal Italy. The responses ranged between a desire for integration, as in the Jewish case, and an occasional and missionary presence, as in the case of certain Evangelical communities. The Great War, first, the twenty years of Fascism, then, profoundly changed this situation, further marginalizing the religious minorities also as a consequence of the 1929 Concordat.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Alle radici del pluralismo della disparità - 3. Le definizioni a contrario - 4. Le minoranze nel sentiero del principio di laicità - 5. Le minoranze religiose alle prese con il genus e la species della laicità - 6. La rilevanza legale delle minoranze religiose - 7. L’autonomia delle confessioni diverse - 8. Le diseconomie esterne del diritto comune delle intese - 9. Come ridurre le diseconomie esterne negative - 10. Conclusioni e prospettive.

The Legal Discipline of Minority Religions. The External Diseconomy of Italy’s Favor Religionis

ABSTRACT: This article analyses the State’s legal discipline regulating minority religions, which are part of the current religious pluralism in Italy. Pluralism is not new in the Italian context. Various minority religions have long been part of the national scene and often enjoyed a level of public consideration far superior compared to their numerical consistency. However, today in Italy there are religious organizations that, in the light of the traditional ex parte Ecclesiæ favor religionis and the method of state-church(es) relations, stress some difficulties of constitutional relevance. In particular, these difficulties have increasingly come to be seen in terms of “negative externalities”: while creating privileges for the Catholic Church and few minority denominations, it produces unreasonable discriminations against all other religions. That is particularly the case of legal status of “new” minority religious, made up mainly of immigrants.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La libertà di espressione e la libertà di coscienza - 3. Le tematiche bioetiche - 4. I simboli e l’identità - 5. Considerazioni conclusive.

Religious minorities in Italy. New problems (?)

ABSTRACT: In the contest of a wider pluralism of the Italian society, legislation still struggles to guarantee an real equal treatment to all religious minorities. Religious denominations - who ratified an intesa with the Government - are for sure in a privileged position compared to those who are still regulated by the general law. Among the last ones, the Italian jurisprudence is playing an important role to find a balance especially on those issues that ask for a more decise government of religious diversity.

SOMMARIO: 1. Teismo/ateismo: l’eredità storica di una presunta dicotomia - 2. La polifonia “in crescendo” del nuovo panorama religioso - 3. Confessione religiosa, esser(lo) o non esser(lo): questo è il dilemma - 4. Associazioni ateiste: minoranze religiose escluse? Osservazioni conclusive.

Are atheists a religious minority? The legal status of atheism in Italy and in some countries of the European Union.

ABSTRACT: “Religion” and “confession” are terms without an established definition in sociology and the legal sciences. The absence of a definition allows us to consider the religious phenomenon in its complexity, including both belief and unbelief. The analysis tries to understand if a common legal discipline is possible for theistic and non-theistic phenomenon. The analysis focuses on the legal status of non-believers minority in Italy and in some countries of the European Union.

SOMMARIO: 1. Sulla nozione di religione, confessione, setta - 2. La Chiesa di Scientology e il suo inquadramento - 3. Problematiche giurisprudenziali nel riconoscimento di Scientology - 4. La configurazione del reati di associazione per delinquere - 5. Il plagio e l’abus de faiblesse - 6. I movimenti “anti-sette”. Considerazioni conclusive.

Scientology. Religious narrative and legal rules

ABSTRACT: Scientology is an exemplary case, in the definition of "religious confession", both because it is a movement of rupture with respect to the common religious feeling, and because its recognition as confession has taken place, in Italy, following a process that developed, with alternating events, for twenty years, until the final judgment of 2000. It is particularly interesting to reflect on the alleged crimes, which are anomalous if they relate to a religious context, but also on similar trials that have taken place in France and, more recently, in Belgium. In addition, it is important to stress that the three judicial procedures examined were also influenced by two important factors, which were not always explicitly stated in the course of the proceedings: the subject of mental manipulation and the action of anti-cult movements in public debate. If in Italy, plagiarism has been decriminalized by a ruling of the Constitutional Court, in France and Belgium laws have recently been introduced against the abuse of weakness in sectarian movements which, however, have not been recalled in the Scientology trials. Very dangerous is, moreover, the public action of the anti cult movements that can act as a sounding board of news not always reliable and that, often, are financed with public money. All these considerations offer interesting insights into the level of democratic secularism and the protection of religious freedom.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La confessione dei Testimoni di Geova e il nodo dei principi religiosi tra politica e diritto - 3. Il nodo dell’intesa. Le tappe del negoziato - 4. L’impasse e le difficili vie d’uscita.

On the State-Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses agreement

ABSTRACT: To date, the State-Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses agreement is waiting to complete the procedure within the meaning of article 8, paragraph 3, of the Italian Constitution. The latest statements by the government refer to the need for further information on health matters, evoking the issue of refusal of blood transfusion treatments. On a legal level, there are difficulties in overcoming the impasse in which the agreement is, also because there isn't a legislative discipline of the procedure prefigured in the article 8 of the Constitution; furthermore the statements made in 2016 by the Constitutional Court on the political nature of the government's choices regarding the agreements can be an obstacle. The paper deals with these points, also taking into account the application to the ECHR presented by the Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses against the Italian Republic.