SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione – 2. Uguale libertà e intese – 3. Il riconoscimento di una confessione tra accertamento in via incidentale e in via principale – 4. L’avvio del procedimento d’intesa e la discrezionalità politica.
SOMMARIO: 1. Due sentenze che rompono un silenzio durato un decennio – 2. La portata del principio affermato dalla sentenza n. 52 del 2016: dal riconoscimento del “diritto a negoziare” l’intesa alla (ribadita) insindacabilità dell’atto di avvio delle trattative – 3. Le ragioni poste a base della decisione della Corte – 4. La libertà di culto di fronte alla rinnovata attenzione per le esigenze di “sicurezza” della collettività nella sentenza 63 del 2016 – 5. “Eguale libertà” vs “libertà diversamente graduata” – 6. I riflessi della pronunzia n. 52 del 2016 sul problema della qualificazione del gruppo come “confessione religiosa” – 7. Le oscillazioni della Corte in tema di “laicità” e le criticità emergenti del diritto ecclesiastico italiano.
The Constitutional Court once again the leading character of the transition processes of the Italian ecclesiastical politics?
ABSTRACT: The present essay analyses the impact of the 2016 Constitutional Court judgements n. 52 and n. 63 on the very “identity”of Italian Ecclesiastical Law, which is characterized by the principles of secularism, equal freedom of religious denominations and by a system of agreements aimed at regulating the specifities of the different religious groups. According to the Author, because of the inactivity of the Legislator, the Constitutional Court is compelled to play a substitute role in searching a satisfactory balance between all these elements and the very settlement of some basic trends in Ecclesiastical Law, as such a subject has to face increasingly new challenges and emerging problems in the management of the religious factor.
Sommario : 1. Premessa - 2. L’Islam in Italia: una confessione religiosa non riconosciuta. - 3. La preliminare questione dei diritti - 4. Islam e questione immigratoria - 5. Natura delle comunità islamiche e laicità dello Stato - 6. Alcuni problemi sui contenuti di un’eventuale intesa - 7. Il pericolo di fughe in avanti - 8. Ostacoli da superare. Il problema dei luoghi di culto - 9. Una piccola proposta: le associazioni con finalità (o oggetto) mista - 10. La questione della rappresentatività. La proposta di una consulta dell’Islam italiano - 11. Il dialogo e la collaborazione a livello locale - 12. Osservazioni conclusive.
Muslim Organisations in Italy: perspectives on an Agreement with the State
ABSTRACT: This paper examines the legal framework of Muslim communities in Italy in order to check the requirements needed to reach an agreement with the State, as envisaged by the Italian Constitution for denominations other than Catholicism, whose relations with the State “are regulated by law, based on agreements with their respective representatives” (Art. 8, co. 3, Const.). Nowadays the problem is a key issue in current political debates both in Italy and in most European countries. This type of agreement could not only promote the social and cultural integration of Muslim communities into society, but also help isolate Islamic terrorists and their supporters in immigrate communities and fight them better. Given that in Italy Muslim communities and their members, including foreign ones, already enjoy all the civil and social rights that are granted by the Constitution to citizens and social groups, the analysis maintains that reaching such an agreement would be for the moment premature, on the basis of a number of reasons. Among these are the following: the deep divisions existing both within and among these communities, due to different ethnic and religious origins and settlement periods in Italy; the difficulty on behalf of the State to identify a reliable negotiating partner (or more than one) who really represents such communities and does not depend from foreign States. Last but not least the very nature of such an agreement appears to be questionable. In fact, on one hand it would bring relevant advantages and public funding but on the other it would also need an unconditional acceptance of human rights and of the fundamental principles of the Italian law system - among which the equality between men and women and State secularism - which still has to be fully acknowledged within these communities.
SOMMARIO: 1. Evoluzione del diritto dell’Unione europea. La tutela dei diritti fondamentali – 2. Il fenomeno religioso – 3. I rapporti delle organizzazioni religiose, filosofiche e non confessionali con l’Unione europea nell’art. 17 TFUE – 4. Il dialogo tra teoria, prassi e limiti di competenza dell’Unione.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa – 2. La corte ritiene ammissibile l’intervento, nel giudizio costituzionale, dell’associazione privata degli atei e degli agnostici razionalisti. Funzione e importanza dei gruppi sociali organizzati per l’affermazione dei diritti verso e contro le religioni – 3. L’uaar può essere considerata una confessione religiosa? – 4. Non è ammesso un controllo giurisdizionale sulle decisioni del consiglio dei ministri riguardanti l’avvio delle trattative per la stipulazione di eventuali intese tra una confessione religiosa e lo Stato. Ma “ci sarà pure un giudice a Berlino!” – 5. Potere politico, potere amministrativo e potere giurisdizionale in tema di diritti dei gruppi religiosi in Italia – 6. Ragioni della politica e ragioni del diritto: una scelta metodologica . Dubbi, nella fattispecie, sul ruolo del parlamento come organo di garanzia che esercita il controllo sul governo – 7. 2 aprile 1966: il ricordo di una giornata particolare di cinquant’anni fa.
SOMMARIO: 1. Le dimissioni da “socio aderente non da fedele”: il caso della sentenza della Corte di Appello di Bari, 28 ottobre 2014 - 2. Rilevanza ed effetti dell’“annuncio” alla comunità - 3. La regola dell’ostracismo - 4. La preminenza dell’autonomia confessionale nella giurisprudenza CEDU: osservazioni critiche - 5. Il bilanciamento tra persona e comunità nella post-modernità.
Religious Belonging and Ostracism: something new, or rather old, in the dynamics of the religious affiliation
ABSTRACT: The case relating to the resignation as “adherent”, and not as “believer”, to the Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses (App. Bari, October 28, 2014), brings out again the problem of the relationship between individual and authorities in the religious confessions. Indeed the procedures followed in order to limit the intra-confessional dissent can bring about an ostracism, biasing the dynamics of the religious affiliation. This paper indicates the novelties of the problem, as pointed out by the sociological studies, in order to accommodate the always necessary balance between the rights of the person and the power to inflict banishments, recognized to the community (autonomy).
SOMMARIO : 1. I ministri di culto nell’ordinamento giuridico italiano - 2. I ministri di culto delle confessioni religiose dotate di intesa - 2.1. (segue) L’individuazione dei ministri di culto - 2.2. (segue) L’assistenza spirituale nelle strutture segreganti - 2.3. (segue) Il matrimonio celebrato dai ministri di culto - 2.4 (segue) Problematiche attinenti ai ministri di culto buddhisti – 3. I ministri di culto delle confessioni prive di intesa - 3.1. (segue) In attesa della legge di approvazione: i ministri di culto della Congregazione cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova - 3.2. (segue) Islam e ministri di culto - 4. Osservazioni conclusive.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Le minoranze storico-linguistiche - 3. Le minoranze storico-linguistiche in Italia - 4. La nascita delle comunità italo-albanesi - 5. La libertà di culto e di religione per le minoranze arbëresche in Italia - 6. Le Eparchie di Lungro e di Piana degli Albanesi – 7. Conclusioni.
SUMMARY: 1. Introduction – 2. The Relationship State-Confessions and Religious Ministers – 2.1. The “Common” Legislation of intese and the 1929 Act – 2.2. State’s Law and Religious Ministers – 3 . Imam in Italy. Is that a Religious Minister? – 3.1. The Connection State-Islamic Organizations – 3 .2. Islamic Groups as Religious Denominations – 3.3. The Bilateral Legislation – 3.4. A Possible Collaboration – 4. Conclusion.
ABSTRACT: In Italy imams are more than 800 members. As imams, they are almost all self-taught people. As citizens, most of the times they have a precarious job. During the week, they normally take care of things other than religion. They perform religious functions in their spare time. Moreover, to see them working as imams, you have to go down in some underground parking or in apartments converted into mosques, where sometimes you see minaret and other Islamic symbols, but only in either the picture or in the paintings hanging on the wall. In the end of the day, we know little or almost nothing about imams. Besides, the Italian law normally do not recognise them as religious authorities. Nevertheless, as imams they play a very important role in local Muslim communities that, under the pressing process of immigration, hold nowadays more than two millions persons. The paper will analyse the status of Islamic imams in Italy, comparing them with the status of other religious authorities (priests, rabbis, pastors ecc.). In particular, this comparative perspective will be focused on both angles: on the one hand, the research will compare the role of imams with those of religious authorities within their respective community; on the other, we will compare imams with considered the different way through which Italian law treats both imams and other religious authority . This perspective will give us a possibility to underline how both the social context and the Italian legal framework (regulating the State-religions connexions) manage religious claims.
Sommario : 1. Introduzione - 2. L’UAAR e il lungo percorso giudiziario verso la richiesta d’Intesa: l’approdo della sentenza n. 7068 del 2014 del Tar Lazio - 3. Associazionismo ateistico e confessioni religiose: la difficoltà dell’inserimento in una categoria inflazionata - 4. Conclusioni.
ABSTRACT: The attention given by the constituent Assembly to the individual and associated way of enjoying the religious freedom, in the logic of protection of the spiritual interests of the human person, should be such as to promote, as a natural consequence of this basic structure of the Constitution, a balanced system in relation to the official contacts between the State and the religious denominations. However, there is the fact of public policies excessively benevolent towards some religious denominations, which causes damage to the affirmation of equal freedom for all individuals, regardless of their cultural orientation, religious or non-religious it is. With the visible manifestation of the atheism (in a public and associated way), doctrine and jurisprudence are called to identify the most appropriate forms of legal protection for some specific group experiences, related, in any case, in the broadest sense, to the religious and spiritual dimension of human life. pdf