Contenuti per la categoria: Uguaglianza e non discriminazione

SOMMARIO: 1- La qualificazione giuridica è attribuzione costituzionale esclusiva del potere giudiziario - 2. La qualificazione giuridica delle confessioni religiose … - 3. (segue) e il loro diritto all’identità - 4. L’espediente del “doppio binario” - 5. L’insopprimibile garanzia della tutela giurisdizionale dei diritti è (ancora) principio supremo dell’ordinamento costituzionale - 6. Il petitum del ricorso per conflitto di attribuzioni tra poteri dello Stato, e l’obbligo di attenersi al thema decidendum - 7. I poteri del Governo nell’esame dell’istanza di accesso all’intesa - 8. Le improvvide conseguenze dell’avere ritenuto il diniego governativo “atto politico”: dal “pluralismo aperto” al “pluralismo discrezionalmente regolamentato”.

For the protection of their identity, religious minorities should have “a judge and a judgment” at their disposal (again on the judgment of the Constitutional Court no. 52 of 2016)

ABSTRACT: The article links the theme of the legal qualification of an association that calls itself a “religious confession” in order to have relationships with the State, according to the provisions laid down in the third paragraph of art. 8 of the Constitution, with the theme of the right of religious minorities to have an identity. It intends to prove that the document that the government issues in order to deny such a qualification is not a “political action” exempt from the control of the judicial authority, contrary to ruling no. 52 of 2016 of the Constitutional Court. The identity of religious minorities is protected by the guarantees offered by art. 24 of the Constitution, from which the Constitutional Court draws the supreme principle of jurisdictional protection of rights, the foundation of any democratic system, that guarantees to all, for any dispute, “a judge and a judgment”.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Disegno costituzionale e rigidità politico-normative: quale strada per una equilibrata disciplina del fenomeno religioso? - 3. Conclusioni.

Equality in diversity. Religious identities and constitutional democracy

ABSTRACT: The entry into force of the new system after the fall of fascism did not constitute the resolutive element to mark a decisive turning point in the Italian ecclesiastical politics, with the implementation of a system of reforms in religious matters consistent with the innovative will of the institutional change that occurred in the Country. The consequence is that, seventy years after the adoption of the Republican Constitutional Charter, many normative provisions still conform to the inspiring principles of the fascist system, and there are many impediments to the concrete realization of the principles of freedom and democracy, with serious damage for the enjoyment of constitutional guarantees by spiritual minorities. With the approval of a general legislation on religious interests, the equal enjoyment of the fundamental rights could be achieved, both for individuals and for groups, within a framework of definitive overcoming of the fascist penalizing legislation and of fixation of the regulatory law criteria of the various treatments to protect spiritual specificities.

SOMMARIO: 1. La direttiva europea 2000/78/CE e le organizzazioni di tendenza - 2. Il caso Egenberger c. Evangelisches Werk dinanzi alla Corte di giustizia - 3. La sindacabilità dei provvedimenti confessionali in materia di lavoro - 4. I controlimiti alla disapplicazione della direttiva - 5. L’obbligo giudiziario di conformazione del diritto nazionale a quello europeo - 6. Il divieto di discriminazione sul lavoro alla stregua della Carta dei diritti del cittadino europeo.

No difference of treatment on grounds of religion or belief and religious organizations

ABSTRACT: It’s the first time that the Court of Justice E.U. deals with the limits of the exemption from ban on discrimination on grounds of religion or belief in favour of organisations the ethos of which is based on religion or belief. The German law implemented softly the directive 2000/78/CE favouring that ethos, as interpreted by those organizations, and consequently limiting the judicial review merely to its plausibility. Viceversa according to the European Court the religion or belief must constitute a genuine, legitimate and justified occupational requirement, having regard to the organisation’s ethos and the proportionality principle (even though not explicitly recalled by the directive). So an exhaustive judgement allows an objective, not spiritualistic, evaluation of the occupational activities and therefore a stronger legal protection of workers under articles 10, 21 and 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

SOMMARIO: 1. Fenomeno migratorio, istanze di protezione internazionale e risposte degli ordinamenti europei - 2. Riconoscimento dello status di rifugiato e fattore religioso - 3. La recente pronunzia n. 28152 del 2017 della Corte di Cassazione - 4. La valorizzazione della prospettiva di genere nel sistema di protezione internazionale - 5. L’intersezione religione/genere quale pivot di una protezione rafforzata di soggetti particolarmente deboli.

The Intersection between Religion and Gender Protection: Which Impact on the Dynamics of Hospitality? (Preliminary Remarks to Court of Cassation, Section I, 24 November 2017, No. 28152)

ABSTRACT: The intersection between immigration, citizenship, integration in the EU countries is a challenging topic for scholars and religion is becoming a crucial factor. Transnational space allows the development of new meanings, negotiation of identities, interaction of religious actors and practices and integration/participation has an impact on the identity of migrants. The increase of migrations from non-European countries, and the impact of new religious needs underlines the question of whether religious belonging is a factor of either empowerment or disempowerment in the host society. At the same time, migrations in an era of economic crisis emphasize skepticism and hostility towards Islamic groups; refugees and asylum seekers, and the questions connected with international protection have become other controversial issues, contributing to the development of a growing anti-immigrant attitude. Modern democracies are expected to offer answers to increasing demands of international protection; at the same time international protection is becoming a strategic tool to obtain hospitality in European countries, and to avoid the limits connected  to access for economic reasons. Recent Italian case law witnesses the development of a gender-sensitive perspective and focuses on the increasing link between religion, gender and international protection.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Advocate of the social Gospel: Martin Luther King e il percorso americano di riforma della legislazione sui diritti civili - 3. Post-colonialismo e terzomondismo: Martin Luther King e i percorsi di liberazione su scala globale - 4. Martin Luther King e Gandhi, Cesar Chavez e Sayyed Qutb - 5. Conclusioni: diritti religiosi, giustizia globale e stato di diritto.

Remarks about Law & Religion for the Martin Luther King Day

ABSTRACT: April 4, 2018 commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Martin Luther King jr., in Memphis-Tennessee. The importance of Martin Luther King’s personality goes far beyond the borders of United States and spreads on the global scale. The present paper concerns the universality and the present impact of Martin Luther King’s legacy, considering also the European context. The paper analyses in brief the history of Martin Luther King, taking into account both his activism in the US and his international criticism against global issues such as post-colonialism and third-worldism; a second part is dedicated to the so called religious “global left” of the 50s and 70s. Conclusions show how and why the global religions have still to be considered a critical background for the rule of law, its inequalities and its injustices.

SOMMARIO: 1. Notazioni introduttive - 2. I termini della vicenda da cui origina il rinvio pregiudiziale e la competenza della Corte di giustizia a pronunziarsi sulla questione controversa - 3. La portata applicativa del regolamento n. 1259 del 2010 e le sentenze dei tribunali religiosi - 4. Le implicazioni di carattere sistematico della pronunzia in rapporto al principio di incompetenza dell’Unione nella materia ecclesiastica o religiosa - 5. I dubbi sostanziali circa la riconoscibilità in Europa del ripudio islamico - 6. Conclusioni.

The issue of the civil recognizability of the Islamic divorce by the EU Court of Justice (considerations on the ruling of December 20th 2017, C-372/16)

ABSTRACT: The present paper takes as a starting point a recent ruling by the EU Court of Justice concerning the issue of recognizability of Islamic repudiation under the EU Regulation No. 1259/2010. After assessing the conditions underlying the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice to rule on such a controversial matter, the Author excludes that the religious judgments fall within the scope of the aforementioned regulation (and within the purpose of Regulation No. 2201/2013), also in light of the so-called principle of the Union’s incompetence in ecclesiastical or religious matters. Moreover, although the unilateral repudiation is to be considered contrary to the principle of public order of the moral and legal equality of the spouses, the Author concludes that, consistently with the current trend of many legal systems to give increasing broader space to the “negotiating” management of the marriage bond, effective protection of the principle of equality should involve letting women, in some particular situations, have the choice of concretely enforcing that principle.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il “ritorno” dell’atto politico: la stipulazione delle intese con le confessioni religiose - 2. Le origini dell’atto politico tra acte de gouvernement, act of State, political question e acto de gobierno - 3. Gli sviluppi dell’istituto nell’Italia liberale - 4. L’atto politico alla prova della Costituzione - 5. Il ruolo del giudice delle leggi: alcuni casi paradigmatici - 6. Un consuntivo della giurisprudenza costituzionale in tema di atto politico: l’atto di governo come tecnica di giudizio.

Is there a “new era” for the act of State in Italy? Some remarks between constitutional theory and practice

ABSTRACT: The act of State in the Italian legal system seems now to be heading for a kind of “second drawing”. Starting from the recent judgment n. 52/2016, adopted by the Italian constitutional Court with reference to the agreement between Government and the so-called UAAR, the essay scrutinises the evolution of the act of State in Italy compared to the principles of the constitutional “rule of law”. The analysis deals with both theory and practice, focusing in particular on the approach adopted by the Italian constitutional jurisprudence in order to address political questions.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Crisi e persistenza del modello pattizio. Riscrivere la trama della libertà religiosa in Italia - 3. Una proposta “flessibile” orientata alle differenze e all’interazione - 4. I nuovi confini della libertà religiosa della persona - 5. La libertà di coscienze e di religione del minore - 6. Scuola pubblica, libertà religiosa e “nuovi spazi” di confronto per tutti: quello che serve e quello che la proposta non dice - 7. L’integrazione attraverso il lavoro - 8. Assistenza spirituale e libertà di manifestazione del pensiero - 9. Gli spazi della libertà religiosa e i “luoghi della memoria” - 10. Ministri di culto e non solo - 11. Per una libertà religiosa collettiva veramente democratica: rilievi critici - 12. La società cambia, la legge dello Stato arranca, il matrimonio “canonico” resta - 13. Intese per tutti? - 14. Quello che manca nella proposta di legge – 15. Conclusioni.

Remarks on the Bill Proposal "Norms on Freedom of Conscience and Religion" Made by the Working Group Coordinated by the Astrid Association

ABSTRACT: This contribution is a comment on the draft law on religious freedom proposed by some scholars of the ASTRID Foundation. The law is proposed in the context of a national and European political environment, which is constantly changing and evolving. This analysis is focused on some specific aspects of the proposal, by assessing their limits and their potential offers some theoretical reflections with the aim of contributing to a scholarly and intellectual debate, which should offer arguments, aimed at promoting and protecting fundamental freedoms and rights as envisaged by the Constitution.

SOMMARIO: 1. La posizione del giudice ordinario. – 2. Le decisioni della Corte costituzionale. – 3. Il "pregresso vissuto" e le sollecitazioni al legislatore del giudice costituzionale e della Corte di Cassazione. – 4. L'intervento del legislatore "messo in mora".

The civil unions between judicial and legislative power

The essay traces the stages of the dialogue between judges and legislator that led to the approval of the law n. 76/2016. In particular, the essay emphasizes the relevance of the role of the ordinary judges who, understanding the importance of the right to a steady union for homosexual couples, have then appointed the Constitutional Court to solve this delicate problem. With two decisive rulings, the Court has laid out the way for the intervention of the legislator.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa introduttiva - 2. La Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tra eredità islamica e legittimazione internazionale - 3. La laicità dello Stato: il fondamento della nuova identità nazionale - 4. Le forze armate e la Corte costituzionale: i ‘custodi’ della laiklik - 5. La parabola dell’AKP: dall’impulso riformista alla recente involuzione autoritaria - 6. Le implicazioni giuridiche del fallito golpe del 2016.

Secularism in the shadow of the minarets: the constitutional principle of secularism in modern and contemporary Turkey

ABSTRACT: The present essay deals with the so-called ‘laiklik’, namely the Kemalist understanding of the constitutional principle of secularism implemented in the Turkish legal framework over the last century. The analysis takes as a starting point the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey and focuses firstly on the staunch protection of secularism by its traditional ‘guardians’ (i.e. the army and the Constitutional Court). In particular, it is argued that the rhetoric of secularism has been exploited by the ruling élites with the aim to curb religious, cultural and political pluralism. Subsequently, the paper investigates the controversial policies adopted by the AKP - the moderate pro-Islamic party in power uninterruptedly since 2002 - and the rule of law crisis recently occurred in the country. In this regard, the author eventually seeks to assess the aftermath of the coup attempt failed in July 2016, by giving special attention to its short and long-term implications in the light of Turkish secularism.