Contenuti per la categoria: Uguaglianza e non discriminazione

Son passati quasi trent’anni dacché tra le varie dichiarazioni apposte in calce al trattato di Maastricht comparve abbastanza inaspettatamente quella che impegna l’Unione Europea al “dialogo trasparente, costante e regolare” con “le chiese e le associazioni o comunità religiose” non più e non meno, tuttavia, che con le “organizzazioni filosofiche e non confessionali”. Dichiarazione apparentemente innocua, giacché espressamente si esclude che da essa possa essere pregiudicato lo status a quelle organizzazioni assegnato dai diritti nazionali, ma politicamente impegnativa per l’Unione, tanto che fece strada e si riversò nell’art. 17 del TFUE, assumendo così un carattere anche giuridicamente impegnativo. (segue)

Non-believer’s Europe

ABSTRACT: In spite of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which puts on the same footing the status of the churches and of the humanist organizations, the status  of believers and non-believers is not the same in each state, regardless its model (the paper quotes briefly the features of United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Italy, Germany  and Malta). The reason lies in a kind of mass religious tradition, which at present is even more hard to defeat because of the rampant populism, which takes advantage also of the religion. The antidote stays in the pluralistic – not monist and excluding the differences -  secularism in order to grant the same dignity of believers also to both differently believers and non-believers.

SOMMARIO: 1. - Premessa - 2. Costituzione della repubblica romana e costituzione della repubblica italiana: interesse di una comparazione - 3. L’assemblea costituente - 4. I principi fondamentali - 5.  Diritti e doveri dei cittadini - 6.  L’organizzazione della repubblica romana - 7. Natura e peculiarità della carta costituzionale della repubblica romana. In particolare, la procedura di revisione e la rigidezza della costituzione -  8. Conclusioni.

SOMMARIO: 1. Autonomia delle organizzazioni religiose e diritti dei singoli: il problema ‘classico’ del contemperamento - 2. Il problema del contemperamento dinanzi alla Corte di giustizia. I casi Vera Egenberger e JQ: stessa narrativa per due gemelli (in parte) diversi? - 3. Il profilo sostanziale delle decisioni: le dimensioni della libertà religiosa e il principio di non discriminazione - 4. Il profilo ordinamentale: Carta dei diritti e principi generali del diritto dell’Unione europea nel rapporto fra sistemi.

Collective religious freedom and principle of non-discrimination in the ‘constitutional’ system of the European Union

ABSTRACT: In the two recently handed down Judgments in the cases Vera Egenberger and JQ, the Court of Justice of the European Union for the first time interpreted Article 4, par. 2 of the Anti-discrimination Framework Directive (Directive 2000/78/EC) admitting a ‘religious exemption’ in favour of Churches and other religious organisation, and ruled on the horizontal application of the right not to be discriminated against in situations coming within the scope of EU law. The paper explores the substantive implications of those Judgments for the collective religious freedom and their contribution in clarifying the horizontal direct effect of the fundamental rights and principles enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

SOMMARIO: - 1. L’insegnamento religioso nella scuola pubblica nel dibattito attuale: limiti e criticità - 2. Tendenze in Europa e proposte di riforma in Italia - 3. Una discutibile sentenza del Consiglio di Stato sul diritto di scelta dell’Irc - 4. Analisi della fattispecie e ricostruzione del quadro normativo - 5. Dalla richiesta di esonero (Concordato del 1929) al diritto di scelta dell’Irc (Accordo del 1984): il principio di non discriminazione - 6. La scelta dell’Irc come un diritto assoluto privo di limiti (temporali): rilievi critici - 7. Scelta dei non avvalentisi e natura curricolare dell’Irc - 8. Conseguenze sul piano pratico: effetti pregiudizievoli per gli alunni - 9. Un sistema a sliding doors per l’Irc? - 10. Osservazioni conclusive.

Debating Religious Education in Italian State Schools: the Council of State and the right to choose at any time during the school year

ABSTRACT: The paper starts with some preliminary remarks on the legal framework that regulates religious education in Italian State schools. It then analyzes and comments upon a recent decision taken by the higher administrative court (Council of State) that upheld a previous judgment of a lower court stating the right for the parents of a student to choose whether to take - or to withdraw from - religious education at any time during the school year, and not only at the beginning as provided by law.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La libertà religiosa e le regole alimentari religiose - 3. Le regole alimentari religiose e la laicità dello Stato - 4. Il menù quaresimale - 5. L’immunità dall’esposizione - 6. Conclusioni.

Religious dietary rules and school lunch menus: a challenge for secularism?

ABSTRACT: The paper starts from a case of dietary pluralism to discuss the possibility to justify menus sensitive to different religious dietary rules in schools’ canteens. Building on an analysis of the idea of secularism, both in its legal interpretation and in its philosophical understanding in terms of neutrality, I try to show that providing for menus sensitive to different religious dietary rules does not amount to a breach of secularism; it is, rather, a legitimate consequence of the protection of individuals’ rights to freedom of conscience and religion. Moreover, whenever institutions take action to devise and implement such menus they can be taken to act on a commitment to respecting the beliefs of minority groups in society without expecting that these groups, which are often migrant communities suffering of well-known problems of social integration, take on the burden to put forward public claims.

Il 28 settembre 2018, presso l’Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, si è tenuto un convegno internazionale co-finanziato dall’Unione Europea, che ha visto la partecipazione di giovani studiosi delle più diverse discipline giuridiche, italiani e stranieri. I relatori, selezionati in seguito ad una “call for papers”, cui è stata data ampia pubblicità in Italia e all’estero, si sono confrontati sul tema del pluralismo religioso nel sistema europeo e, soprattutto, nella recente giurisprudenza delle Corti sovranazionali. (continua)

SOMMARIO: 1. La vicenda - 2. Gli argomenti pro e contro l’elezione di un sacerdote a Rettore di una università pubblica - 3. Le incompatibilità dei ministri di culto - 4. La possibile incidenza dei principi riguardanti la c.d. “laïcité d’apparence” - 5. L’intervento dei giudici amministrativi - 6. Conclusioni: l’irrilevanza dell’ordinazione non accompagnata dall’esercizio di funzioni ministeriali.

The election of a Catholic priest as Rector of the University of Strasbourg: “Much ado about nothing”?

ABSTRACT: This study examines the question of compatibility between the principle of neutrality of public services in force in French law and the election of a minister of the Catholic religion as Rector of a public university. The Author rules out the existence of any form of incapacity. However, since the duty of discretion of the public official (“devoir de réserve”) operates even outside the exercise of his functions, it may limit the freedom to exercise pastoral ministry in specific cases, as well as the performance of the most typical tasks that are inherent in the status of minister of worship, due to the inevitable repercussions on the image of the university.

SUMARIO: 1. Introducción - 2. Libertad religiosa y celebración de las festividades religiosas - 3. La neutralidad ideológico-religiosa de los centros educativos públicos - 4. Celebración de festividades religiosas en la escuela de titularidad pública - 4.1. Celebración de festividades que presentan un significado religioso y una tradición cultural - 4.2. La respuesta de los Tribunales de Justicia en materia de celebraciones religiosas - 4.3. Algunas claves para la solución de estos conflictos - 5. Celebración de las festividades religiosas en el horario escolar - 5.1. Marco jurídico de las festividades en el ámbito escolar - 5.2.  Discriminación de los grupos religiosos minoritarios - 6. Consideraciones finales: la acomodación razonable de las creencias religiosas.

Neutrality, diversity and celebration of religious festivities in public schools

Abstract: This paper analyzes some legal conflicts derived from the celebration of religious festivities in ​​the public school. On the one hand, the celebration of certain festivals that, while showing a cultural tradition, at the same time, present a religious meaning, mainly of Christian inspiration. On the other, when permission is requested to celebrate and commemorate such festivities during school hours. Beyond the concrete problem, it is important to start from the position of inclusive neutrality that public authorities must adopt to manage the religious diversity that manifests itself in this specific area and which, in turn, is the best way to guarantee the right of parents to choose the education they wish for their children.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa metodologica - 2. Cenni storici sulle comunità musulmane francesi - 3. La re-invenzione di una tradizione? - 4. Mangiare halal a scuola: l’affaire di Chalon-sur-Saône - 5. Conclusioni.

Halal alimentation and the challenges against french laïcité: the request of alternative menu in the school canteens

ABSTRACT: The article will concern the debate about the balance between secularism and religious-driven prerogatives through a narrow focus on the diffusion of halal food in France. In particular, I will shed light on the increasing request of shari'a-compliant food by Muslims in some social spaces, for instance in the school canteens. My research will unfold its arguments in two sections. In the first one, I will address the recent development of halal market in France and try to frame the reasons of such burgeoning activities - revival of Islam or neoliberal marketing strategy? In the second part, I will consider the sentence of Dijon Administrative Tribunal, which in 2017 abolished the decision of the mayor of Chalon-sur-Saône of suppressing halal menu in the school canteens. The verdict might be read as an opinion favourable to Muslim’s prerogatives. Nonetheless, the rationale of the judgement does lie indeed in the defence of the “best interest of the child”, whereas the basic principles of French laicité were not put into discussion.

SOMMARIO: 1. Breve premessa - 2. L’ininterrotto dialogo tra il Governo e le comunità islamiche italiane - 3. Il “Patto di condivisione” della Città di Torino e il “Patto nazionale per un Islam italiano” - 4. L’Italia e le misure di contrasto al terrorismo - 5. Conclusione.

The relationship with Italian Islam: from the proposals of ‘Intesa’ to the ‘Patto nazionale

ABSTRACT: According to statistics, Muslims living in Italy are currently just over 1.6 million. However, despite this significant presence of Muslims on the national territory, the vast world of Islamic associations has not yet managed to sign an Intesa, an agreement that religious minorities can establish to regulate their relations with the Italian state. The reasons why Islam does not have an agreement are mainly two: the absence of an authoritative subject, representative of Italian Islam, able to act as an interlocutor with state institutions and the incompatibility between Islamic cultural values and those of a secular state. Nevertheless, covering all the stages of dialogue between the Italian government and the Islamic associations from the nineties until the conclusion of the Patto nazionale (2017), this work aims to show that the condition of legal vacuum depends on unfounded prejudices towards Islamic culture and on the lack of political will to come to terms with Islam.