Contenuti per la categoria: Diritto ecclesiastico (Fonti del)

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: la pronuncia della Corte costituzionale e i nodi da sciogliere - 2. I limiti legittimi alla libertà religiosa - 3. Gli interventi positivi a favore del diritto al culto - 4. Brevi considerazioni conclusive: che cosa farà (o, meglio, cosa dovrebbe fare) il legislatore regionale?

The Constitutional Court’s position about worship facilities between limits against the freedom of religion and positive interventions

ABSTRACT: The Constitutional Court has another time pronounced about the right to have a place of worship. Its statements are crucial for this subject and are likely to produce an echo even outside the field of worship facilities. In particular, the Court affirms, on the one hand, that the freedom of worship might be limited only in order to guarantee concrete opposing interests, and not for mere exigencies of control. On the other hand, the Court declares that the freedom of religion, given its central and essential position in the Constitution, legitimizes and requires positive interventions by the legislator, in order to be promoted.

SOMMARIO: 1. L’intesa con l’Associazione Chiesa d’Inghilterra - 2. L’assenza di una legge generale nel periodo liberale - 3. La Conciliazione - 4. Il permanere dell’assenza di una legge comune - 5. Continuità e innovazione dopo il 1948 - 6. La mancata revisione della legge sui culti - 7. La polemica anticoncordataria - 8. Il progetto di una legge generale sulla libertà religiosa - 9. Un’unica legge per esigenze diverse - 10. La legge comune sul “fatto” religioso - 11. Il potenziale conflitto con le leggi di derivazione pattizia - 12. Uguaglianza e discriminazione - 13. Sulla possibile rilevanza dei diritti religiosi - 14. Sul rilievo di alcune minoranze - 15. Conclusioni.

The law on accepted cults, the agreements and the need for a common regulation on the religious issue

ABSTRACT: Taking the cue from the signing of the agreement with the association Chiesa d’Inghiterra, we note thelack of a common regulation not on religous freedom, which is protected by the rules of the Italian Constitution through directly effective regulations, and which could be invasive and inadequate, but of a common basic regulation on religion, such that in goes beyond the old law on accepted cults and equates, as far as possible, the condition of churches with an agreement with those that do not have one. The viewpoint of the bilaterally contracted law, inherited from and confirmed by the pre-Repubblican period, while meeting the needs of cults, is not able to ensure a certain uniformity of treatment for all denominations, i.e. it cannot be applied also to those cults that have not negotiated it, that do not want or cannot do so. What is lacking in a unilateral law of the State, which outlines the essential and common points, that is the basis and reference index for other laws, given that equality does not mean the same things and that differentiations are allowed, or rather imposed, as long as they are not arbitrary. Besides, there is the problem of religius instances referring to secular and profane aspects of the human person, which can be inserted into the formative process of the law, allowing for to norms, which in religiously motivated subjects receive a further compelling force. It is responsibility of a pluralist and secular State, aware and guarantor of its own values and indispensable rules, to supervise the process of synthesis of the different cultures.

SOMMARIO: 1. Interventi legislativi della Regione Lombardia sui luoghi di culto - 2. La sentenza della Corte costituzionale n. 504 del 2019 sulla l.r. Lombardia del 2005 - 3. Pianificazione urbanistica secondaria e politiche regionali - 4. Considerazioni conclusive.

The so-called "anti-mosque" legislation between governance policies and protection of religious freedom

ABSTRACT: A recent intervention by the Constitutional Court of 2019 continued in the path intended to dismantle the Lombard legislation, also known as the "anti mosque" law, underlining the danger of a federalism, producing a growing fragmentation in a matter of such delicate constitutional relevance. The Court has currently canceled the obligation to regulate, through a Plan for religious equipment (PAR), the opening of any place of worship and the need to associate this Plan with the PGT (Territorial Government Plan). A territorial governance project, in fact, from the point of view of urban planning, must include the legal discipline of social religiosity, contextualising this intervention with the need for a structuring of aggregation spaces, open to all religious and secular bodies, concretely present in the social fabric. The construction of buildings intended for religious worship or, as more recently defined, of "equipment of common interest for religious purposes" is a matter by its nature suspended between the protection of religious freedom - even in its expression of collective law - and the legislation urbanism.

SOMMARIO: 1. Riflessioni a margine della libertà religiosa con specifico riguardo alle confessioni senza rappresentanza - 2. I disegni di legge sulla libertà religiosa e i rapporti con le confessioni non strutturate o prive di adeguata rappresentanza istituzionale - 3. Le confessioni religiose senza rappresentanza: ulteriori osservazioni e prospettive.

Remarks on religions lacking any adequate institutional representatives in the light of social-ethnic context

ABSTRACT: Because of intense migratory flows today, the coexistence of various religious movement, often very different among them, in our society has increased. This phenomenon is known as ‘religious pluralism’ and it implies that before the law all religions have the right to exist, to preach their own doctrines, to worship, and to gain a recognition of ‘special’ juridical positions. In this background the religious factor is a diriment element and represents the focal point of cultural and juridical debate.

SOMMARIO: 1. Ulteriori riflessioni su un tema controverso - 2. Intese e procedimento amministrativo - 3. La fase di accesso alle trattative - 4. Le trattative e la sottoscrizione dell’intesa - 5. L’iniziativa legislativa e l’iter legislativo di sottoscrizione dell’intesa - 6. Le conseguenze di regime - 7. Conclusioni.

Again about the procedure of stipulation of the agreements (ʻinteseʼ) between the State and the religious denominations

ABSTRACT: The essay focuses on the topic of the agreements which should be subscribed by the Italian Government and the representatives of the religious denominations, in compliance with the article 8, c. 3, of the Italian Constitution. In a recent and highly controversial judgement, the Constitutional Court has recognised that the act of selection of the denominations for the negotiations aimed to the subscription of such agreements has the nature of a ʻpolitical actʼ and could therefore not be reviewed by any judges of the Country. The judgement has been deeply criticized by the most of the Italian scholars specialized in the subject. The object of this essay is to demonstrate that at least some parts of the complex procedure of production of the above mentioned agreements could not be considered ʻpoliticalʼ, in the technical sense, but should rather be reduced to the model of the typical administrative procedure. In that case, the Government acts of selection and of withdrawal from the negotiations could be object of a common administrative judicial review.

SOMMARIO: 1. La Corte costituzionale e la pronuncia avanguardista - 2. I presupposti ragionati in sede Costituente dell’art. 8, terzo comma - 3. Ruolo delle intese nel processo storico di equiparazione con la condizione riservata alla Chiesa cattolica - 4. La fase dell’affermazione del pluralismo aperto a tutte le confessioni - 5. I nuovi soggetti religiosi e le loro rappresentanze - 6 Il contenuto delle intese tra diritto speciale e diritto comune - 7. Conclusioni.

The agreements to the test: new actors and old content

ABSTRACT: The Constitutional Court, in its judgement, has brought to light the critical aspects of the "system of agreements", highlighting the lack of a complete regulation of the procedure of stipulation. A short historical journey, starting from the works discussed in the Constituent Assembly, helps us to understand the evolution of the bilateral model provided for by Art. 8, third paragraph, of the Italian Constitution: from an initial phase in which it has been placed as a useful tool to fulfill an equal treatment to a subsequent one in which it has been used as a means of affirmation of open religious pluralism, to arrive at assuming an autonomous function unrelated to the first two paragraphs of Art. 8. The current system of "agreements-photocopies" can only be overcome by a general law on religious freedom that takes into account the specific content of the agreements. In this way, the agreements themselves would regain their original function of special law, reserved for religious confessions of sacred origin

SOMMARIO: Sistemi di classificazione dei rapporti e individuazione degli interlocutori istituzionali delle confessioni religiose - 2. Il “laboratorio” dell’Europa dell’Est come luogo di sperimentazione del pluralismo intra confessionale - 3. La gestione delle relazioni tra Stato e confessioni religiose attraverso gli uffici - 4. I problemi nuovi posti dal moltiplicarsi delle confessioni nei diversi paesi europei - 4.1. L’area baltica - 4.2. (segue) Le Repubbliche russofone - 4.3. (segue) Le Repubbliche dell’Europa Centrale - 4.4. (segue) I Balcani Orientali - 4.5. (segue) I territori della ex Repubblica Jugoslava - 4.6. (segue) Le scelte differenziate delle Repubbliche ex jugoslave in materia di Rapporti tra Stato e confessioni religiose - 5. La felice anomalia albanese - 6. Un contributo all’elaborazione di linee guida ai rapporti tra Stato e confessioni religiose in Europa.

Confessions and religious communities in Eastern Europe, religious pluralism and legislative policies of the States

ABSTRACT: The intervention reconstructs the supporting lines of the activity of the national office of each legal system in charge with the maintenance of the relations between the State and the confessions and religious communities in the Eastern European countries. Through this perspective, the ecclesiastical politics of 19 countries is reconstructed, highlighting the genesis and the peculiar characteristics of their legislations and highlighting the underlying lines that are at the root of the choices of their systems. Particular attention is dedicated to the definition of the different models to which the States refer in relation to their effectiveness in maintaining religious peace while respecting the principle of equality and freedom among the various religious confessions. The article aims to be a contribution to the development of guidelines for relations between the state and religious confessions in Europe.
 

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. La revisione del cinque per mille tra sollecitazioni della magistratura contabile e riforma del Terzo settore - 3. L’ancoraggio costituzionale del cinque per mille: sussidiarietà orizzontale e democrazia fiscale - 4. La natura giuridica dell’istituto e la perimetrazione della volontà di destinazione espressa dal contribuente - 5. La configurazione originaria del meccanismo nelle valutazioni critiche della Corte dei conti e i conseguenti interventi correttivi - 6. La ricollocazione nell’alveo della riforma del Terzo settore. Le novità del d.lgs. n. 111 del 2017 - 7. Profili problematici di interesse ecclesiasticistico: a) gli enti religiosi come possibili beneficiari … - 8. (segue) b) gli oneri di conformazione (bilanciata) alle prescrizioni in tema di trasparenza, pubblicità e efficacia della gestione dei flussi finanziari derivanti dal cinque per mille … - 9 (segue) c) l’otto per mille - 10. Tra sintesi e prospettiva. Questioni pratico-applicative e significato ricostruttivo-sistematico nella valutazione delle ricadute ecclesiasticistiche del cinque per mille.

The effects of the legal reform of the Third sector on the Ecclesiastical law (of the State). The case of “cinque per mille”.

ABSTRACT: The article deals with the effects of the Italian Reform of the Third Sector on the Ecclesiastical law of the State and focuses on the peculiar measure of financial aid called “cinque per mille”, as governed by the legislative decree n. 111/2017. The author analyzes some problematic issues involved by this decree and underlines its importance in achieving the goal of a more amply and extended awareness of the today meaning of religious freedom as s well as of the relationships between the State and the Church.

SOMMARIO: 1. La riforma del Terzo settore - 2. Enti ecclesiastici e riforma del Terzo settore - 3. Le condizioni per l’applicazione del regime del Terzo settore agli enti ecclesiastici - 3.1. Il regolamento - 3.2. Il patrimonio destinato - 3.3. La tenuta di scritture contabili separate - 4. Le possibili soluzioni organizzative - 4.1. Il “ramo” dell’ente ecclesiastico - 4.2. Il “gruppo” dell’ente ecclesiastico - 5. Una rete associativa per gli enti del Terzo settore ecclesiastici?

The reform of non-profit organizations and Church bodies: a cost, a risk or an opportunity?

ABSTRACT: While many institutional activities of Church bodies fall within the scope of the recent reform of Italian law on non-profit organizations ("NPOs"), the specific features of Church bodies prevent from a straightforward application of the new regime. Therefore, the Code for the Third Sector and the Act on Social Enterprises allow Church bodies to access the tax exemptions and the other benefits provided to NPOs as far as they comply with a set of conditions aimed at bridging the differences between Church bodies and secular NPOs. The paper (1) discusses in details these conditions, (2) offers a critical evaluation of costs, risks, and opportunities related to the new regime, and (3) suggests possible organizational structures to comply with the current system.

SOMMARIO: 1. Primo quadro: magazzino normativo – 2. - Secondo quadro: analisi storico-giuridica – 3. Terzo quadro: il futuro.

State and religious organisations. The Politics of the sources of law

ABSTRACT: The paper intends to verify if religious freedom in the Italian legal system is undergoing a crisis. In particular, is the concept of religious freedom of the Constituent Assembly still good? Is it necessary to reform the regulation of religious freedom? Similar questions are posed with regard to the current relationship between State and religions.