Contenuti per la categoria: Diritto ecclesiastico (Fonti del)

SOMMARIO: 1. Le ragioni di una comparazione - 2. Il caso italiano: una breve cronistoria normativa - 3. Primi appunti giurisprudenziali per un corretto “bilanciamento” - 4. Verso un accomodamento ragionevole - 5. Il paradigma francese e l’opera di bilanciamento del Conseil d’État - 6. Alcune considerazioni in termini di bilanciamento fra libertà di culto e tutela della salute - 7. Minime notazioni di sistema a mo’ di conclusione.

The "perils" of religious freedom at the time of the pandemic: an impossible balance? Comparative remarks between Italy and France

ABSTRACT: The essay aims to analyze the measures adopted in the Italian and French legal systems to regulate the exercise of religious freedom during the Covid-19 emergency. The analysis is conducted by observing the various regulatory provisions in the light of the balancing test and the principles of proportionality and reasonableness. This way, the paper will try to verify the overall strength of the constitutional system in times of crisis and the protection of fundamental rights during an emergency.
 

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. “Breve durata” delle restrizioni e proporzio-nalità: l’interpretazione del Bundesverfassungsgericht - 3. Il Consiglio di Stato francese e la “question de proportionnalité” della libertà di culto - 4. “Secular gatherings” v. “secular businesses”: il tertium comparationis nella giurisprudenza della Corte Suprema statunitense - 5. Emergenza sanitaria e test di proporzionalità nella giurisprudenza di Strasburgo: brevi considerazioni de iure condendo - 6. Conclusioni.

Restrictions on Religious Freedom and the Principle of Proportionalitybefore the Courts: A Comparative Perspective

ABSTRACT: The emergency legislation through which the legal systems have tried to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic has necessitated new forms of balancing health protection and other fundamental freedoms, including freedom of religion. The aim of this paper is to analyse the different ways in which the superior Courts have applied the principle of proportionality, with the purpose of trying to assess the extent to which the different sensitivity of judges (especially as regards the identification of the tertium comparationis) has affected the effective protection of freedom of religion during the pandemic. In particular, a comparison will be made among the statements of the Bundesverfassungsgericht, the Conseil d'État and the US Supreme Court, which have balanced the right to health and religious freedom. Short concluding remarks will be addressed to the possible role of Strasbourg jurisprudence in guiding the work of national judges dealing with the proportionality test, also in a post-pandemic perspective.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Metodo concertativo, bilateralità e laicità - Paesi diversi, bilanciamenti simili.

Concertative method and balancing techniques in the legal discipline of religious freedom in times of emergency (about the reports by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu)

ABSTRACT: In this contribution, which takes its cue from the reports by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu, the author makes some brief considerations about the method followed - and the balancing results achieved - by the political decision-maker in the emergency management of religious freedom.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: sui così detti limiti impliciti - 2. Le misure limitative della libertà religiosa alla prova dei test di bilanciamento - 3. Il ritorno della specialità (o del privilegio) nella seconda fase della pandemia.

The problem of limits to religious freedom under the pandemic test: specialty or privilege? (about the reports by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu)

ABSTRACT: In this contribution, which takes its cue from the reports by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu, the author makes some brief remarks on the subject of limits to religious freedom, the difficulties of balancing them, and the legitimacy of differential treatment between spiritually connoted activities.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La confessione dei Testimoni di Geova e il nodo dei principi religiosi tra politica e diritto - 3. Il nodo dell’intesa. Le tappe del negoziato - 4. L’impasse e le difficili vie d’uscita.

On the State-Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses agreement

ABSTRACT: To date, the State-Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses agreement is waiting to complete the procedure within the meaning of article 8, paragraph 3, of the Italian Constitution. The latest statements by the government refer to the need for further information on health matters, evoking the issue of refusal of blood transfusion treatments. On a legal level, there are difficulties in overcoming the impasse in which the agreement is, also because there isn't a legislative discipline of the procedure prefigured in the article 8 of the Constitution; furthermore the statements made in 2016 by the Constitutional Court on the political nature of the government's choices regarding the agreements can be an obstacle. The paper deals with these points, also taking into account the application to the ECHR presented by the Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses against the Italian Republic.

SOMMARIO: 1. Panizza, un suddito infedele - 2. Scalpori e processi - 3. La pietra dello scandalo - 4. Un “teologo [...] eretico pittore di immagini sacre” - 5. Una scelta [quasi] obbligata - 6. Una foresta di simboli performativi - 7. Ordine religioso e ordine politico: l’ecosistema del processo - 8. Un “martire” a processo - 9. Martedì 30 aprile 1895, ore 19: la condanna - 10. Panizza sulla censura - 11. Morale religiosa come morale sessuale - 12. Manicomio, prigione, fuga - 13. “Un uomo fuori dal mondo”: ontologia di un blasfemo - 14. Istituzioni che succhiano il sangue.

The broken mirror of Liebeskonzil: a case of blasphemy in the Wilhelminian Empire

ABSTRACT: In 1895, due to the publication of the play Liebeskonzil, the writer Oskar Panizza was sentenced to one year imprisonment for blasphemy. Starting with such exemplary conviction, the essay reconstructs some aspects of the writer's existential and creative path, treating his vitriolic satires of religion as an access key to the political and social situation during the Wilhelminian Empire, where press laws and targeted use of crimes such as lèse majesté, obscenity and profanity, highlight the tenacity of Government, right-wing parties and Catholic Centre Party in pursuing the common purpose of silencing the opponents of the status quo.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. 1990-2020: trent’anni di progetti per una legge generale sulla libertà religiosa - 3. Norme sulla libertà religiosa e laicità: indicazioni per un’indagine - 4. Quale laicità nei progetti di legge? - 5. Le leggi sulla laicità: alcuni esempi, molte suggestioni, qualche dubbio - 6 Nessuna nuova. Cattiva nuova.

Secularism and drafts law on Religious Freedom

ABSTRACT: This paper focuses the attention on the drafts law on Religious Freedom and aims to examine the links between Secularism and Freedom of Religion.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le restrizioni introdotte dalla normativa ‘emergenziale’ - 2. La legittimità delle restrizioni sotto il profilo del bilanciamento tra interessi - 3. (segue) e del rispetto del principio pattizio - 4. I protocolli per la ripresa delle funzioni religiose come strumenti di ‘responsabile’ collaborazione - 5. I profili di criticità - 6. Conclusioni.

The Limits to the Practice of Worship during the Health Emergency and the ‘Responsible’ Collaboration with the Religious Denominations

ABSTRACT: The severe pandemic which has affected the Italian country (as well as the rest of the world) led the Government to introduce restrictive measures whose aim was to hinder the diffusion of the virus. Such measures imposed a general prohibition to any movements and gatherings, thus affecting the exercise of many fundamental rights and, among these, the freedom of worship, considered in its interpersonal dimension. In particular, as far as this right was concerned, the legitimacy of its restriction had to be assessed not only in the light of its balance with other competing interests (namely, public health), but even of the constitutional principle which compels the State to regulate its relationships with the religious denominations on the base of agreements signed whith their representatives (art. 7, c. 2, and 8, c. 3, Cost.). For these reasons, some scholars criticized the unilateral nature of the restrictive measures, whilst they welcomed favorably the signing of the ‘health protocols’ adopted in order to restart the celebration of public worship ceremonies. This paper aims at assessing whether a unilateral limitation of the freedom of worship might be considered legitimate. In addition, it is going to investigate the juridical nature of the abovementioned health protocols, in order to highlight any critical profiles.

SOMMARIO: 1. La bilateralità “necessaria” e i suoi limiti - 2. Le intese apicali e il generale regime di libertà religiosa - 3. Le intese paraconcordatarie e la delegificazione - 4. La bilateralità “diffusa” e le intese ulteriori - 5. Le differenti bilateralità: una questione di metodo?

The "new agreements" State - religious denominations between necessary bilateralism and broad bilateralism

ABSTRACT: The paper analyzes the system of sources of Italian ecclesiastical law in its two pillars of agreed rules and unilateral rules. The former are necessarily the result of an agreement between different legal systems because they govern the specific relations between the State and individual religious denominations, that is, between sovereign and autonomous entities in their respective orders. The unilateral rules, on the other hand, fall under State jurisdiction because they aim to regulate rights and procedures relating to the generic freedom of conscience of believers, non-believers and other believers. Nevertheless, even in this second area, bilateralism between the State and ethical-religious groups is increasingly being practiced. However, this must not strictly condition State autonomy in the political order, but must aim to enhance the democratic tool of dialogue, as broad as possible, between institutions and intermediate bodies. The two forms of bilateralism (the necessary one and the broad one) are in fact structured within the processes which grant ethical-religious issues varied legal forms and give rise to different types of sources. It is essential that institutional practice does not artfully confuse the two described "bilateralisms", ending up surreptitiously managing all the heterogeneous and plural ethical-religious factor through a single, heavy and comfortable, bureaucratic method based on mere political discretionality.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. I giudizi promossi dal TAR Lombardia. Alcune riflessioni - 3. La decisione del TAR Lombardia. La fondatezza “anticipata” - 4. Il caso davanti alla Corte costituzionale: la sentenza n. 254 del 2019 - 5. Il new deal dell’art. 19 Cost. e della laicità ”positiva” per via giurisprudenziale (costituzionale). Brevi considerazioni.

Regional Religious Building. Legal Approach to the test of (again) administrative and constitutional case-law.

ABSTRACT: This essay concerns important judgements of the Regional Administrative Court and the Italian Constitutional Court on religious freedom and places of worship.