Contenuti per la categoria: Diritto ecclesiastico comparato e straniero

SOMMARIO: 1. Limits to free speech, incitement to hatred and a “third case” - 2. UN Resolutions on Defamation of Religions (1999 – 2010). The role of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation - 3. Recognizing values and rights in the defamation of religions discourse - 4. The interplay between racial and religious offences and its effect on limitations to free speech - 5. Balancing freedom of expression and freedom of religion in the work of the UN Human Rights Committee - 6. Concluding Remarks.

Freedom of religion, freedom of expression and the United Nations: recognizing values and rights in the “defamation of religions” discourse

ABSTRACT: The article focuses on the issue of religious freedom and freedom of expression from the point of view of the United Nations. In particular, it examines the so called Defamation of religions, which has been the topic of a series of Resolutions voted by the Human Rights Commission, the Human Rights Council and the Assembly General, from 1999 to 2010. In the Defamation of religions debate, the UN institutions appear to tend to highlight the conflict between rights rather than the positive interrelation between them. Nonetheless, it has been repeatedly argued that it should be possible for political institutions and religious majorities to use anti-defamatory legislation in order to stem the activities of religious minorities. Applying penal anti-defamation laws might not be the best way to deal with the potential conflict between two fundamental rights. The more recent trends show a shift toward what seems to be a more suitable accommodation of the interests at stake. In this regard, the article will consider the Human Rights Council’s Resolution about discrimination on religious grounds (2011), the Ad Hoc Committee on Complementary Standards to the ICERD and the new General Comment on article 19 of the ICCPR.

SOMMARIO: 1. Considerazioni introduttive – 2. I precedenti – 3. Le previsioni della legge 12 giugno 2001, n. 2001-504 – 4. Cenni alle reazioni sovranazionali e internazionali – 5. La successiva attività governativa e parlamentare – 6. Conclusioni interlocutorie guardando all’apporto giurisprudenziale.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. L’istruzione popolare in Inghilterra: dal sostegno alle scuole confessionali alla riforma Gladstone - 3. La scuola confessionale nel sistema di pubblica istruzione: dalla riforma Gladstone ai nostri giorni. - 4. Il separatismo americano: le ragioni di una scelta e la sua incidenza sul sistema scolastico. - 5. Scuola confessionale ed establishment clause. La fase di strict separation. – 6. (segue) L’affermazione di un separatismo attenuato. I voucher e le charter schools.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: alle origini del dibattito attuale - 2. La giurisprudenza della CEDU sui simboli religiosi - 3. La sentenza Lautsi e la sua ratio decidendi: a) Il crocifisso come simbolo passivo - 4. (segue) b) Il margine di apprezzamento dello Stato e le tradizioni nazionali - 5. (segue) c) La garanzia di un contesto pluralista e l’evoluzione del principio di laicità - 6. Gli effetti della  sentenza Lautsi sulla giurisprudenza della CEDU - 7. Gli effetti della sentenza Lautsi in Europa. a) Francia. b) Turchia. c) Germania. d) Paesi di tradizione ortodossa. e) Spagna - 8. Il caso italiano e il ruolo dello Stato nel sostegno ai simboli religiosi della tradizione - 9. La soluzione legislativa: pro e contro - 10. Osservazioni conclusive.

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the issue of religious symbols in the public spaces in the recent European experience. After some preliminary remarks about the origins of the present debate, comparing the American and European religious models, it focuses on the line of decisions of the ECHR in matters of religious symbols. In particular it takes the contents of the Lautsi judgement (2011) into consideration and evaluates its possible effects on the future decisions of the ECHR and of national courts of European countries like France, Turkey, Germany, countries of Orthodox tradition and Spain. In the end it makes some conclusive remarks about the Italian case and the role of the State in supporting the religious symbols of the tradition, examining the advantages and disadvantages of the legislative solution.

SOMMARIO. 1. Introduzione. I diversi modelli dell’attuale tutela penale della religione negli ordinamenti italiano e britannico – 2. Rapporti Stato-Chiesa e secolarizzazione delle fonti delle religious offences: l’età delle riforme religiose – 3. Il Settecento: tra laicizzazione del diritto penale ed “istituzionalizzazione” della religione dominante – 4. L’avvio di una laicizzazione dei contenuti delle religious offences nel XIX secolo – 5. Tutela penale, rapporti tra Stato e Chiese e pluralismo religioso nel XX secolo – 6. Osservazioni conclusive.

ABSTRACT: The path of secularization of religious Offences in England and Wales: between historical and comparative perspective In recent years in Italy and England some important reforms concerning the traditional criminal offences against religion have been introduced: in Italy, Law 85/2006 regarding crimes against religious denominations that has changed the offence of vilifying, without changing the blasphemy offence; in England and Wales, the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006, the repeal of the common law of blasphemy and blasphemous libel in 2008 and the offences of defamatory, seditious and obscene libel in 2009. The historical perspective allows us to contextualize the hallmarks by which the two nations deal with the problem of offences against religion. The historical path that led to the current British reforms, in fact, was characterized by the transition from the institutionalized model of protection under criminal law of the Church of England, as established Church, to the formal and substantive secularization of religious Offences, which finally led to their abolition, without questioning - at least formally - the general system of the Established Church of England. The differences between the two models of criminal protection of religion are rooted in that path and are reflected in the more general legal treatment of religion and in the state/churches/religions relations in the two countries

SOMMARIO. 1. Multiculturalità e compatibilità ordinamentali. - 2. Abbigliamento e prescrizioni religiose: i simboli dei Sikh.- 3. La questione del velo islamico. - 4. La giurisprudenza europea e il velo islamico. - 5. Il burqa e la specificità del problema. - 6. Le normative nazionali e il burqa. - 7. Orientamenti delle istituzioni europee. - 8. Normativa applicabile e prospettive future in Italia.

SOMMARIO: 1. Una tematica che ha suscitato interesse- 2. Novità formali e sostanziali dell’attività concordataria di Giovanni Paolo II - 3. Ragioni storiche di un fenomeno in espansione - 4. Un Papa giurista o un Papa pastore? - 5. Alcune considerazioni finali.

SOMMARIO: PRIMA PARTE – 1. Il contesto storico-politico e la produzione legislativa in materia ecclesiastica antecedente alla legge del 1855 – 2. La prima fase (1803-1829): dall’Atto di Mediazione al progetto di Statuto civile ed ecclesiastico del 1819 – 3. La seconda fase (1830-1839): la Costituzione del 4 luglio 1830 e l’opposizione tra istanze moderate e idee liberal-radicali – 4. La terza fase (1840-1847): il prevalere delle idee liberali – 5. La quarta fase (1848-1855): i provvedimenti antiecclesiastici degli anni tra il 1848 e il 1855 – SECONDA PARTE – 6. La legge civile ecclesiastica del 24 maggio 1855: genesi e contenuto. Dalle prime richieste di una legge al progetto del 1852 – 7. Il 1855: l’iter di formazione della legge – 8. L’intento programmatico della legge: gli articoli 1 e 2 – 9. Il contenuto della legge e la centralità del placet governativo – 10. Conclusioni.

ABSTRACT: The essay describes the historical and political context, as well as the law production in Canton Ticino during the first half of the nineteenth-century, which will lead to the Civil Ecclesiastical Law of 1855. The article is structured in two parts. The first part deals with the historical period between 1803 and 1829 and is divided into four sections: from the Act of Mediation to the project of the Civil Ecclesiastical Statute of 1819; the Constitution of 1830; the predominance of liberal ideas and the anti-ecclesiastical measures from 1848 to 1855. The second part is entirely dedicated to the Civil Ecclesiastical Law of 1855 – peak of the historical political process described in the first part – and to the analysis of its origin and the contents from the 1852 bill. The development procedure, the purpose and the kernel of the Law, specifically the government placet, are particularly stressed.

INDEX: 1. The issue of redundant places of worship in Europe - 2. Canonical perspectives - 2.1. The regulations according to the Code of Canon Law - 2.2. General criteria for change in churches’ deployment. The Guidelines of the Episcopal Conference of Italy (CEI) about the cultural goods of the Church in Italy (1992) - 2.3. The documents of other episcopates (Germany and Switzerland) – 3. The phenomenon of churches’ desertion in some countries - 3.1. France - 3.2. Québec (Canada) - 3.3. United States of America - 4. The situation in Italy - 4.1. Ownership of the churches - 4.2. Financial aspects - 4.3. Legal protection of the destination bond - 4.4. Churches as cultural heritage - 4.5. Fiscal considerations - 4.6. The recent CEI Directive (2005) - 5. Concluding remarks.
 

SOMMARIO 1. Premessa – 2. Il Codice del 1983 e la recente prassi concordataria della Santa Sede in Europa - 3. La vicenda italiana - 4. Osservazioni conclusive.