SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Le origini del Kanun albanese - 3. La fratellanza religiosa albanese - 4. Il primo comunismo albanese e la libertà religiosa - 5. L’ateocrazia albanese - 6. La fratellanza albanese e la Costituzione del 1998.
Sommario : 1. Premessa. Un paradigma per la “libertà religiosa mediterranea” – 2. La libertà religiosa come “prima libertà” – 2.1. La sponda nord – 2.2. La sponda sud – 3. La libertà religiosa nell’età contemporanea: apogeo e declino? – 4. Libertà religiosa e pluralismo musulmano in Europa – 5. Libertà religiosa e pluralismo musulmano in terra d’islam – 6. Alcune osservazioni conclusive.
Where religious freedom is heading: common paths on both sides of the Mediterranean
ABSTRACT : The paper aims to investigate the path of religious freedom on the two sides of the Mediterranean. Assuming the possibility of a synoptic history, the paper observes this synopsis from three different perspectives: historical, political and pluralistic. Taking the Declaration of Universal Human Rights as a common parameter for the two sides, the paper analyzes the contemporary process of politicization of the right of religious freedom both in Europe and in the MENA countries. Stressing the fact that the core of this right has to be individuated into the autonomy from the state of both (religious) individuals and communities, the paper advocates a defense of religious freedom as an autonomous and specific right, not completely merged with the generic protection of freedom of conscience and with the goals of the states. This kind of conflation, in fact, could subvert the fundamental distinction between religious and civil spheres, with harmful consequences for both the state and religious communities.
SOMMARIO: 1. Il problema del simbolismo religioso sul luogo di lavoro – 2. La soluzione per la Giurisprudenza francese – 3. La soluzione per la Corte EDU – 4. Considerazioni conclusive.
ABSTRACT: The author of this paper comments some recent judgments of the French Cour de Cassation and of the European Court of Human Rights concerns the exercise of religious freedom in the workplace. The examination shows some critic aspects of this right in Europe .
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. 2. Laicità dello Stato, libertà religiosa e comunità islamiche nella società italiana: tra diritto comune e legislazione pattizia. 3. I nodi giuridici di maggior rilievo in Italia e in Europa. 4. Conclusioni.
ABSTRACT: The constitution in the European legal space of a stable islamic community has given rise to a series of repercussions in the legal regulations of all countries of the European Union. Governments, Parliaments and civil society have been called to assess the requests made by the muslim associations, in order to give recognition to a specific set of rules and habits, which is variably understood by Muslims themselves as necessary to live in a manner consistent with religion. This, however, on the one hand, has imposed to the State institutions to reflect on the coexistence of concepts such as the universality of rights, the respect for cultural distinctiveness and the centrality of the principle of secularism in all the national legal orders, and, on the other side, has urged the muslim communities - considered as a complex and articulated whole - to put in place an attitude of moderation and adaptation towards the foundational principles of the Western legal world .
SUMARIO: 1. Introducción – 2. Las guerras civiles – 2.1. Las guerras por la definición del sujeto político – 2.1.a La guerra de los Supremos (1839-1842) – 2.1.b Las guerras de 1851 y 1854 – 2.2. Las guerras por la definición del sujeto político y el carácter de la educación – 2..2.a La guerra de 1861 – 2.2.b La guerra de 1876 – 2.2.c La guerra de 1885 – 2.3. Las guerras contra la exclusión en las que entran en juego los límites de la centralización – 2.3.a La guerra de 1895 – 2.3.b La guerra de los Mil Días.
ABSTRACT: During the nineteenth century in Colombia conflict is settled through political parties, the liberal and conservative, and civil wars, in which the religious element is sometimes the trigger of the conflict and sometimes the convener. We will use the literature to approach these wars and to better understand what happened in reality. pdf
SOMMARIO: 1. Stati a democrazia socialista, ateismo di Stato e libertà religiosa - 2. Dalla pentarchia patriarcale all’evoluzione della nozione di territorio canonico - 3. Sulla restituzione dei beni confiscati: vecchi conflitti e nuove prospettive - 4. Le Conferenze ecumeniche e la pacificazione tra le Chiese cristiane - 5. I problemi aperti: il rapporto della Chiesa cattolica con la Chiesa ortodossa del patriarcato di Mosca - 6. Le prospettive di azione comune delle Chiese nella difesa dei valori etici.
Sommario : 1. Introduzione - 2. La Francia e l’amministrazione dei culti - 3. Le bureau central des cultes: 3.1 - Le origini: dal Consolato al periodo imperiale; 3.2 - dalla Prima alla Seconda Restaurazione; 3.3 - dalla Monarchia di luglio alla Legge sulla separazione; 3.4 - le competenze - 4. Le bureau des cultes des départements du Bas-Rhin, du Haut-Rhin et de la Moselle: 4.1 - la specificità dell’Alsazia-Mosella; 4.2 - le origini del bureau; 4.3 - le competenze - 5. Il conseiller pour les affaires religieuses: 5.1 - le origini; 5.2 - la posizione fuori dagli schemi; 5.3 - le competenze – 6. Conclusioni.
The administration of cults in France
ABSTRACT: The expression “Administration of cults” born in France in the 19th century, when the 1801 Conordat made the cults into a public service and the cult's clerics a corp of nominated functionaries. Thus administration referred precisely to that branch of the civil service which under the flourishing Concordat concerned itself with the problems of claims from and requirements of the religious cults in French territories. Our paper means to trace France's administration of cults from its beginnings to its precise modern competences and functions. We wish to show how this administrative structure has been and still is an important apparatus for interpretation and even for 'liberal administration' of the Law as regards the separation of State and Church and the very concept of laïcité.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Il contrasto delle eresie: Iosif di Volok e Nil della Sora – 3. Le proprietà dei monasteri e della Chiesa – 4. Il Concilio del 1503: il clero vedovato, i diritti di stola e lo scontro tra non possessori e iosifljane – 5. Gli eredi spirituali di Nil della Sora – 6. Il fondamento divino del potere nel pensiero di Iosif di Volok – 7. Le conseguenze della vittoria dei seguaci di Iosif - 8. L’assolutismo autocratico - 9. Nota conclusiva.
The attitude of 15th and 16th century’s Muscovite monasticism towards heresy, poverty and power
ABSTRACT: The article analyzes the position of two rival monastic trends, the first represented by Nil from Sora and the latter by Iosif from Volok. The decision taken by the 1503 Moscow Church Council in favour of Iosif had important consequences for the future of Muscovy and Russia. Most important was strengthening the power of the czar vis a vis the metropolitan, hence the submission of the Church to the state, which was generated by an incorrect interpretation of Iosif’s thought.
SOMMAIRE: 1. Introduction – 2. Une évolution conceptuelle favorable aux employés: d’une logique d’exclusion à une logique de mise en balance – 3. Se vêtir au travail conformément à ses convictions religieuses: Un renforcement du droit des employés de manifester leur religion – 4. Agir au travail conformément à ses convictions religieux: Les oscillations européennes face à l’objection de conscience – 5. Conclusion – 6. Appendice. Jurisprudence liée.
ABSTRACT: In a landmark decision impatiently awaited across the Channel, the European Court of Human Rights provided clarifications on the employee right to manifest religious beliefs at work. The balance between employee rights and requirements of employers is not completely upset. But there has been an important new trend in the european reasoning, in regard to the free expression of religious belief. This will not be without consequence, especially in France where many contemporary debate echo the european solution.
SOMMAIRE: 1. Introduction – 2. Analyse des actions des participants au groupe “Pussy Riot” accomplies par ceux-ci pendant le temps de la réalisation de l’action – 3. Analyse du texte de la chansonnette interprétée par les participants au groupe “Pussy Riot” au cours de l’action – 4. Les actions des participants au groupe “Pussy Riot” réalisées par ceux-ci le 21 Février 2012 dans la Cathédrale du Christ-Sauveur peuvent être appréciées, à juste titre, comme réalisées en commun selon l’intention unifiée de l’action – 5. Tribunal Khamovniky de la ville de Moscou et Cour de cassation de la ville de Moscou.