SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa – 2. Dalla “laicità aperta” alla “laicità positiva” – 3. Laicità e libertà religiosa. Le ventisei proposizioni del Pacte Républicaine: laïcité pour mieux vivre ensemble dell’UMP – 4. Dalla “laicità positiva” alla “laicità im-positiva” – 5. La strumentalizzazione politica del dibattito sulla laicità.
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduction – 2. Statistical data – 3. The Muslim community – 4. The Jewish community – 5. General overview of the relevant law provisions in Bulgaria – 6. Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia and the political rights according to the domestic legislation – 7. The Law on Protection against Discrimination, the concept of “positive” discrimination and some new case-laws - 8. Religious Rights and Freedoms – 9. Criminal Law – 10. Some conclusions.
ABSTRACT: The article is aimed at presenting briefly the actual legal regulation of protection of the religious rights of the individuals belonging to the Muslim and the Jewish communities in Bulgaria. The author has tried to combine the legal issues with some recent sociological studies on Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia and the related violence and crimes. The phenomena Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia are based on the presence of Muslim and Jewish communities in Bulgaria. The article gives some recent statistical data on Turks (Muslims) and Jews in the country according to the last census in 2011. The focus of the study is on the domestic legislation, especially the political rights, the protection against discrimination, the notion of “positive discrimination”, the religious rights and freedoms and the relevant Bulgarian criminal law. This legal regulation is analyzed in the light of Art. 5, Para. 4 of the Bulgarian Constitution which stipulates the primacy of the obligations under the International Public Law. Some relevant case-law is quoted. The legal analysis demonstrates the fact that there are no legal definitions of “Anti-Semitism” and “Islamophobia”. A general conclusion is drawn about the compatibility of the Bulgarian system for protection of individuals that belong to minorities with the international obligations.
SOMMARIO: 1. Gli evangelici albanesi a favore della lingua, della cultura, dell’identità e dell’indipendenza - 2. La nuova Costituzione albanese e il ripristino della libertà religiosa - 3. Le trattative per la stipula dell’accordo di cooperazione - 4. I contenuti dell’accordo e i suoi effetti nel rapporto con la legislazione ordinaria a tutela della libertà religiosa - 5. La proiezione dell’efficacia degli accordi nell’area dell’Albania etnica – 6. Gli accordi di cooperazione: un modello esportabile?
ABSTRACT : The present article deals with the Evangelical Federation in Albania and the contribution it gave to the modernization of the Albanian language. The merit acquired by this religious community makes it be included in the development of the legal relations between the State and cults, using the instrument of cooperation agreements. The agreement, which is the first with a “new cults”, is analyzed by comparing it with the other signed with the historic communities of the country and in the context of the Balkans. The analysis will therefore move towards the sort of Kosovo and Macedonia and the rules governing the relations with the cults. Finally, we develop a reflection on the patterns of relationship between the State and confessions, analyzing the characteristics of legal formants used.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: il sistema spagnolo di relazioni tra Stato e confessioni religiose - 1.1. La libertà di coscienza - 2. Uguaglianza nella libertà - 3. Laicità - 4. La cooperazione dello Stato con le confessioni religiose- 5. Gli accordi con la Chiesa cattolica - 6. Gli accordi con le minoranze religiose - 7. L’immigrazione islamica ed i conflitti con l’ordinamento giuridico spagnolo - 8. Educazione e immigrati islamici - 9. Diritto di famiglia e gli immigrati islamici - 10. Altri conflitti: libertà religiosa e l’immigrazione islamica - 11. Proposta di soluzioni.
SOMMAIRE: Introduction - 1. Argumentation du droit à l’évaluation critique de l'homosexualité et de ses aspects sociaux - 2. Caractère agressif de l'idéologie de l'homosexualisme - 3. Atteinte cruelle et inhumaine de lésions corporelles portée à l’individu, les dommages à sa santé dans la pratique de l'homosexualité ”masculine” - 4. Sur la manipulation par les chiffres - 5. Mythe sur la discriminations massives des homosexuels - 6. Violation des Droits de l’Homme et insulte à la dignité humaine pendant les ”gay parades” - 7. Normes de la législation étrangère, émanant de la reconnaissance par l'État des méfaits sociaux de l'homosexualité - 8. Positions juridiques de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme ayant le point d’impact sur l’élaboration des solutions à propos des questions à discuter - 9. Contradiction à ”l’Ordre public” de la Fédération de Russie des exigences d'établir des régimes juridiques privilégiés pour les homosexuels et leurs groupements et de poursuivre pour toute critique de l'homosexualité – 10. Conclusions.
SOMMARIO: 1. Globalizzazione e difesa dell’identità religiosa - 2. L’apostasia in Italia da atto individuale a comportamento collettivo - 3. Proselitismo aggressivo e apostasia - 4. La “difesa dello spazio territoriale” nell’ortodossia e il proselitismo tra le confessioni cristiane. Il “modello greco” - 5. La CEDU di fronte al divieto di proselitismo e a tutela della libertà di coscienza - 6. La libertà di non credere nello spazio giuridico dell’Unione Europea.
SUMMARY: 1. What do we mean about “Federalism”? – 2. Federalism and religions in Germany – 3. Federalism and religions in Switzerland.
SOMMARIO: 1. Il fatto - 2. Il ruolo dei Testimoni di Geova e delle altre religioni in Russia dal 1891 a oggi - 3. Il merito - 4. Conclusioni.
SOMMARIO: 1. Il dialogo dell’Unione europea con le organizzazioni confessionali e non – 2. Il separatismo statunitense – 3. Il neo-separatismo europeo – 4. La complexio oppositorum nell’elaborazione cattolica … - 5 … e in quella secolare – 6. Il separatismo pluralistico europeo (e americano).
Religions and Atheisms: a Complexio Oppositorum at hearth of the European New-Separatism
ABSTRACT: The European Union is not interested in religious phenomenon. It’s a form of separatism between State and Church. Yet the last Treaty about the Union functioning stated an “open, transparent and regular dialogue” between the Union and the Churches and the philosophical or non-confessional organizations alike. So religions and atheisms, the exact opposites, are not only recognized but also linked as complexio oppositorum. That originates a pluralistic separatism. By means of constitutional law research this paper demonstrates that this new-separatism is new for the Europe but usual for the U.S. and therefore it contributes a long way towards a rapprochement between Europe and America from the constitutional point of wiew.
SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. History of and Motivations for the OIC Defamation of Religions Resolutions - 2.a - The OIC Exerts a Concerted Effort to Protect Islam - 2.b - Terrorist Attacks and Danish Cartoons Raise the Stakes - 3. Defamation of Religions: A Permissible Restraint on Freedom of Speech and Expression? - 3.a - History, Basic Elements, and Contemporary Usage of Defamation - 3.b - Interaction Between Defamation of Religions and the Basic Human Rights Enumerated in Major International Instruments - 4. The Evolution of a Resolution - 4.a. 1999-2000: Beginnings - 4.b. 2001: A Pre-9/11 World - 4.c. 2002: Reactions to the Violent Backlash Against Muslims - 4.d. 2003-2004: Fluctuations in Support - 4.e. 2005: Intensification of a Campaign - 4.f. 2006-2007: The Move to the General Assembly - 4.g. 2008: Decreasing Margins of Support - 4.h. 2009: Current Resolution and Recommendations for Application - 5. Consequences of Accepting the Resolutions and Subsequent Enactment of Statutes Designed to Prevent Defamation of Religions - 5.a. Human Rights Committee - 5.b. The European Court of Human Rights - 5.c. Blasphemy, Incitement, and Hate Speech Laws and Their Enforcement - 5.d. Possible Future Statutes and Enforcement Under Defamation of Religions Theory - 6. Alternatives to Defamation of Religions in the U.N. Resolutions - 7. Conclusion.