Contenuti per la categoria: Separatismo

SUMARIO: 1. Introducción - 2. El significado esencial de las cláusulas religiosas de la Primera enmienda de la Constitución federal - 3. El argumento de la tradición histórica en la interpretación judicial de la Establishment Clause - 4. La tradición histórica como excepción a la aplicabilidad de los normales parámetros jurídicos de validez en materia de aconfesionalidad.

The Supreme Court of the United States and the use or historical tradition in Establishment Clause jurisprudence

ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the study of the use of history and tradition that has been made by the Supreme Court of the United States when deciding certain cases concerning the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause. It explores the way in which, when confronted with certain practices that are in appearance clearly inconsistent with the Establishment Clause, sometimes the Supreme Court has simply ignored the different tests commonly settled for constitutional adjudication in this particular field such as the Lemon test, and has relied on historical tradition as the governing principle for that purpose. This circumstance leading to the setting of a controversial carve-out in Establishment Clause adjudication that might be better explained as a result of politics and political and social pressures rather than as a product of principled constitutional interpretation.

SOMMARIO: 1. Alla ricerca del popolo - 2. Il popolo politico - 3. Il popolo religioso - 4. L’intreccio populistico ereditato - 5. L’intreccio populistico in atto - 6. L’assalto dell’anti-pluralismo - 7. L’antidoto della laicità.

Populism, Religions, Law

ABSTRACT – The political populism has a background that is not easily detectable: the sense of religious or the sacred that enlivens the holistic view, without intermediate groups, of the people. The political populism needs symbols and goes to the ancient religious image. This tissue is looming on the law plan because aims to break up the fundamentals principles of the constitutional state, particularly the citizens equality according to their cultures and identities. To counter the innate antipluralism of the populism there soars the principle of secularism with its content of respect for the differences and, under this point of view, limit of the popular soveregnty.

Son passati quasi trent’anni dacché tra le varie dichiarazioni apposte in calce al trattato di Maastricht comparve abbastanza inaspettatamente quella che impegna l’Unione Europea al “dialogo trasparente, costante e regolare” con “le chiese e le associazioni o comunità religiose” non più e non meno, tuttavia, che con le “organizzazioni filosofiche e non confessionali”. Dichiarazione apparentemente innocua, giacché espressamente si esclude che da essa possa essere pregiudicato lo status a quelle organizzazioni assegnato dai diritti nazionali, ma politicamente impegnativa per l’Unione, tanto che fece strada e si riversò nell’art. 17 del TFUE, assumendo così un carattere anche giuridicamente impegnativo. (segue)

Non-believer’s Europe

ABSTRACT: In spite of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which puts on the same footing the status of the churches and of the humanist organizations, the status  of believers and non-believers is not the same in each state, regardless its model (the paper quotes briefly the features of United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Italy, Germany  and Malta). The reason lies in a kind of mass religious tradition, which at present is even more hard to defeat because of the rampant populism, which takes advantage also of the religion. The antidote stays in the pluralistic – not monist and excluding the differences -  secularism in order to grant the same dignity of believers also to both differently believers and non-believers.

SOMMARIO: 1. Laicità necessaria - 2. Il Cristianesimo: una fede scandalosa - 3. La maggiore età del mondo - 4. Ritrovare Dio da adulti - 5. Provvisorietà dell’etica cristiana - 6. Führer e Verführer: lo scambio delle vesti e la fragilità del male.

Secularism as requirement of reason: the actuality of Dietrich Bonhoeffer

ABSTRACT: Dietrich Bonhoeffer is a very significant figure of the Protestant theology. Having experienced the most dramatic period of the German history he is well remembered as “resistant” to the National Socialism, but he deserves also to be reconsidered because of his defense, as believer, of the value of “secularism”, necessary to safeguard an authentic profession of faith.

Il 28 settembre 2018, presso l’Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, si è tenuto un convegno internazionale co-finanziato dall’Unione Europea, che ha visto la partecipazione di giovani studiosi delle più diverse discipline giuridiche, italiani e stranieri. I relatori, selezionati in seguito ad una “call for papers”, cui è stata data ampia pubblicità in Italia e all’estero, si sono confrontati sul tema del pluralismo religioso nel sistema europeo e, soprattutto, nella recente giurisprudenza delle Corti sovranazionali. (continua)

SOMMARIO: 1. La vicenda - 2. Gli argomenti pro e contro l’elezione di un sacerdote a Rettore di una università pubblica - 3. Le incompatibilità dei ministri di culto - 4. La possibile incidenza dei principi riguardanti la c.d. “laïcité d’apparence” - 5. L’intervento dei giudici amministrativi - 6. Conclusioni: l’irrilevanza dell’ordinazione non accompagnata dall’esercizio di funzioni ministeriali.

The election of a Catholic priest as Rector of the University of Strasbourg: “Much ado about nothing”?

ABSTRACT: This study examines the question of compatibility between the principle of neutrality of public services in force in French law and the election of a minister of the Catholic religion as Rector of a public university. The Author rules out the existence of any form of incapacity. However, since the duty of discretion of the public official (“devoir de réserve”) operates even outside the exercise of his functions, it may limit the freedom to exercise pastoral ministry in specific cases, as well as the performance of the most typical tasks that are inherent in the status of minister of worship, due to the inevitable repercussions on the image of the university.

SOMMARIO: 1. Considerazioni introduttive sul fondamentalismo odierno: alcune differenze rispetto ai movimenti omologhi dei decenni precedenti - 2. L’influenza del fondamentalismo sulla demografia religiosa e sul contenzioso giurisdizionale negli Stati Uniti d’America - 3. Il fondamentalismo americano protestante e le omologhe istanze etiche e giuridiche di gruppi religiosi contemporanei - 4. La Chiesa di Gesù Cristo dei Santi degli Ultimi Giorni: le origini di una protesta contro la teologia ottocentesca - 5. L’escatologia teocratica dei Testimoni di Geova e le conseguenze ordinamentali - 6. Possibili conclusioni: il ruolo del fondamentalismo cristiano nella conformazione attuale delle istituzioni statunitensi.

The origins of the Christian fundamentalism: comparative approaches and research perspectives

ABSTRACT: The aim of this essay is to demonstrate the Christian roots of the public discourse concerning fundamentalism, its disciplines, groups and legal consequences. This issue implies to go back to the first Christian fundamentalist experiences born and raised during last two centuries in America (with a peculiar focus on the United States). By reconsidering a wide historical period and a not simple variety of local religious communities, it will be possible to underline a substantial and concurrent beginning for similar movements in the progressive development of Jehovah’s Witnesses, new wave Lutheran and Baptist Churches, Church of Latter Day Saints: some of the same faiths and cults still effecting the American recent ecclesiastical controversies.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa metodologica - 2. Cenni storici sulle comunità musulmane francesi - 3. La re-invenzione di una tradizione? - 4. Mangiare halal a scuola: l’affaire di Chalon-sur-Saône - 5. Conclusioni.

Halal alimentation and the challenges against french laïcité: the request of alternative menu in the school canteens

ABSTRACT: The article will concern the debate about the balance between secularism and religious-driven prerogatives through a narrow focus on the diffusion of halal food in France. In particular, I will shed light on the increasing request of shari'a-compliant food by Muslims in some social spaces, for instance in the school canteens. My research will unfold its arguments in two sections. In the first one, I will address the recent development of halal market in France and try to frame the reasons of such burgeoning activities - revival of Islam or neoliberal marketing strategy? In the second part, I will consider the sentence of Dijon Administrative Tribunal, which in 2017 abolished the decision of the mayor of Chalon-sur-Saône of suppressing halal menu in the school canteens. The verdict might be read as an opinion favourable to Muslim’s prerogatives. Nonetheless, the rationale of the judgement does lie indeed in the defence of the “best interest of the child”, whereas the basic principles of French laicité were not put into discussion.

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. The Vertical and Horizontal Influences - 3. Atheism, laïcité and Church - 4. Atheism, laïcité and Islam - 5. Today’s Popular Sources of Atheism - 6. Conclusion.

ABSTRACT: With this article, the Author outlines the legal issues involving the atheism in France, analysing them in the light of the principle of laïcité. France has a long history of criticism of religion. Many philosophes of the Enlightenment, for example, have provided the classical writings in this field. In this sense, they were able to aliment two major streams of thought of the magmatic French atheism: one is based on the horizontal influences arising from the effect of increasing worldwide travel with the discovery that people do not necessary share the same views and beliefs about the nature of human being; the other is centred on vertical arguments bubbling up from the past in a very form of scepticism and realism. With its multi-faceted and articulated view, the French atheism has also been promoted by a number of movements devoted to arguing the case for non-belief and for its political expression in laïcité. In this manner, the Author tries to demonstrate that, since the Great Revolution and during the long history of the French constitutional system, laïcité de combat and atheism has been influencing each other in a constantly shifting process of mutual adaptation.

SOMMARIO: 1. “A tradition under threat”. Antropologia della paura e tendenze esclusiviste delle comunità dominanti - 2. La tradizione filosofica del pensiero costituzionale: Williams, Madison e i princìpi cardine della tradizione di “religious fairnes” - 3. Forme di Benign Establishment: critica alla tesi della “presunta innocuità” e interpretazione autentica del principio di separazione - 4. Neutralità statale e speciale considerazione del fenomeno religioso: un rapporto problematico.

Liberty of conscience and liberty of religion on the challenge of the post-modernity: the Martha C. Nussbaum's philosophical jurisprudence

ABSTRACT: Nussbaum is one of the prominent defenders of the North American liberal tradition, threatened by the post-modern tendency to the exaltation of elements from the mainstream religion and the creation of in-groups between citizens. In his writings, the philosopher reproposes the value of liberal tradition by trying to show the impossibility to justify even the most venial forms of the benign establishment, as in the case of state-sponsored-religious-displays. The article focuses on Nussbaum'arguments, in a critical perspective.