Contenuti per la categoria: Diritto dei rifugiati e umanitario

SOMMAIRE: 1. Introduction - 2. Une issue retentissante: la concrétisation d’une protection conventionnelle contre les persécutions religieuses - 3. Un raisonnement parcellaire: les apories de l’analyse européenne à l’aune de la liberté de religion - 4. Conclusion - 5. Jurisprudence liée - 6. Appendice .

ABSTRACT : By banning deporting of a coptic christian by France to Egypt, where he might suffer persecution, European court of human rights has made an important contribution to the protection of foreigners against measures involving expulsion. The European solution is important because it deals with a complex, but crucial, concept: religious persecution. Unfortunatly, the opportunity offered by this case hase not been fully exploited. Freedom of religion was at the heart of this case, but European court did’nt use it enough.

SOMMAIRE: 1. Introduction – 2. Le contexte factuel et les questions préjudicielles – 3. La réponse apportée par la Cour de justice – 4. La Convention de Genève cède la place à la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme.

SOMMARIO: Directive 2004/83/CE – Normes minimales relatives aux conditions que doivent remplir les ressortissants des pays tiers ou les apatrides pour pouvoir prétendre au statut de réfugié – Conditions de l’octroi du statut de réfugié – Article 9 – Notion d’ «actes de persécution» – Existence d’une crainte fondée d’être persécuté – Atteinte grave à la liberté de religion – Ressortissants pakistanais membres de la communauté religieuse Ahmadiyya – Actes des autorités pakistanaises visant à limiter le droit de manifester sa religion en public.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il diritto umanitario nei conflitti armati - 2. La codificazione del diritto umanitario - 3. Diritto della guerra e diritto della pace - 4. L’articolo 11 della costituzione italiana - 5. La protezione internazionale dei diritti e delle libertà della persona - 6. Conclusioni.

ABSTRACT: The military operators must also assure the peace with the weapons and, above all, the persons responsible of the operations must give test of great sensibility because busy to conjugate laws and rules war with the objectives of pacification. The authorities responsible for the operations at any time they need to know what they can or must do and what orders impart; they must know what it cannot do or what should be avoided. The international humanitarian law, important part of the international law, is constituted by conventional and consuetudinary norms that are applied in the relationships among States with a specific objective: to protect in time of armed conflict the people who do not take part or do not take more part in hostilities and impose bans or limits to the use of means offensive, of sophisticated weapons and methods of warfare in situations of armed conflict in act or to avoid sleepwalking. The codification of the international humanitarian law is initiated in the century XIX, above all when it was tried to introduce with the Declaration of Petersbourg in 1868 a principle that individualized in the contrariety to the laws of the humanity the impassable limit to respect in the armed conflicts. The codification has received then force and importance after the second world conflict that the consciences of the people had struck with the systematic practice of the most merciless violence making to record million of deads. The fundamental importance of the 1949 Geneva four Conventions is unanimously recognized. They are based on ratio of the existence and the responsibilities of the Organization of United Nations; they have properly constituted the central nucleus of the said humanitarian law and they can be also considered as a reaction of the civilization towards the unheard of violences committed toward civil populations, prisoners and deporteds. In this reflection it is normal entirely a reference to the rules of engagement that accompany every military operation. The rules of engagement substantially have an operational content and the busy soldiers on the field set their attention on these rules more and more that in practice they represent a daily vademecum , not only because they individualize the chain of command. Their juridical value depends on the single arrangements that of it therefore responsible. The word "war" in the contemporary age it doesn't boast an uncontested right of citizen anymore in the international relationships. Our constitution in art. 11 among the fundamental principles enact that Italy repudiates the war as an instrument of offense against the freedom of other peoples and as ameans of resolving international  disputes. The war, as an instrument normally used in the past in the relationships among States, it is not in our juridical arrangement anymore. In 1948 started a very strong commitment to the universal level and at regional level; so much so that today we can count at least 130 Conventions and agreements for the protection of human rights, in various respects, for different situations. The reference to the international obligations placed to protection of the people led us to remember what has been written recently, i.e the two systems, the traditional humanitarian law and the recent human rights, with different historical training and technical configuration, based on a common philosophical basis, the affirmation of the value of the person, and tend toward the common goal of ensuring a stable and effective protection in every circumstance, that is then condition of world peace.

SOMMARIO: 1. La sentenza di condanna del Tribunale internazionale per il Ruanda - 2. Il conflitto etnico nel Ruanda ed il genocidio dei Tutsi. La costituzione del Tribunale internazionale - 3. L’eccidio nella chiesa di Nyange ed il comportamento del responsabile della parrocchia - 4. Inquadramento giuridico dei crimini commessi e commisurazione della pena - 5. Le perplessità suscitate dalla sentenza e l’originario impianto accusatorio contro il sacerdote - 6. La Chiesa cattolica, il Sinodo dei vescovi per l’Africa ed il cristianesimo nelle popolazioni africane.