Contenuti per la categoria: Uguaglianza e non discriminazione

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: l’Islam tra religione ed economia - 2. Dalla finanza al contratto islamico, tra vincolo e libertà: alla ricerca di una teoria generale dei contratti - 3. L’etica islamica dei contratti: divieto di ribà e divieto di ghàrar - 4. Operatività delle attività della banca islamica e contrattualistica commerciale Shari’ah Compliant - 5. I contratti di tipo partecipativo: “mudàraba” e “mushàraka” - 6. (segue) Tipologie di mudàraba - 7. Cenni conclusivi e prospettive future.

The Prophet's Economy: Islamic Finance and the Religious Foundations of Islamic Law of Shari'ah Compliant Contracts

ABSTRACT: The growing presence of Muslim believers in Europe has increasingly led to heated debates also at the doctrinal level. Legal and economic literature, particularly, has recently emphasised the importance that inclusive, effective and efficient financial regulation can have on the degree of integration of the Islamic communities present in non-Muslim contexts. Since the Shari'ah dictates a series of behavioural rules in different sectors of the believer’s life, the Koran and the narratives of the Prophet (hadith) offer a series of prescriptions also in economic matters. With the aim of outlining the religious and juridical reasoning of the so-called halal economic dimension, this paper first examines the economic principles of Islamic finance: the prohibition of ribà (interest), the prohibition of ghàrar (uncertainty) and that of maysìr (speculation). It then provides a recognition aimed at finding a general theory of Islamic contracts. Finally, it reconstructs the discipline of the mudàraba and musharàka participatory contracts. These two forms of contracts represent a product of Islamic finance widely used in banking-financial practice and considered by Islamic legal schools to be totally in conformity with the Word of Allah. They are therefore instruments of comparison particularly interesting as well as useful for the Italian legal system. They can represent a flywheel for the integration of Muslims in the social fabric, and at the same time, an antidote to the unstable European economic panorama.

SOMMARIO - 1. Il crocifisso in classe davanti alle Sezioni Unite - 2. Laicità dello Stato e autonomia scolastica - 3. Conflitto tra diritti e reasonable accommodation - 4. La regola della reasonable accommodation nella giurisprudenza straniera e italiana - 5. Il crocifisso come simbolo “essenzialmente passivo” nella giurisprudenza europea - 6. Reasonable accommodation in assenza di una lesione di diritti: rilievi critici - 7. Bilanciamento dei diritti e legislazione scolastica - 8. Il rapporto asimmetrico tra docente e alunni nella scuola: un dato del tutto omesso - 9. La rimozione del crocifisso da parte del docente: un atto lecito? Osservazioni conclusive.

The Supreme Court’s United Sections on the Crucifix controversy in schools: searching for a difficult balance between laicism and European case-law

ABSTRACT: This paper examines critically, in the light of the Italian and European case-law, the contents and the juridical arguments of a recent decision issued by the United Sections of the Italian Court of Cassation concerning the Crucifix controversy arisen in a State school. The judges established, on one hand, that the crucifix may be hung in a classroom upon demand of the students as it does not infringe the dissenting teacher’s freedom of conscience or of teaching, according to Lautsi ECHR decision (2011); on the other hand, the clash of values involved would need a reasonable accommodation which could require other religious symbols alongside the crucifix or its removal during the lessons of the dissenting teacher. Such a decision, according to the author, appears to be somewhat contradictory and ambiguous, and it does not resolve the case in a well-balanced way.

SOMMAIRE: 1. Introduction: paradigmes de relations et droit à la liberté religieuse, de l’identité à la tension - 2. Des paradigmes des relations État-Églises au droit à la liberté religieuse - 3. La force attractive des paradigmes dans le scénario européen contemporain - 4. Les paradigmes des relations État-Églises dans la nouvelle arène internationale - 5. Conclusion: une citoyenneté inachevée.

The “European Right” to Religious Freedom and Paradigms of State-Religion Relations in Contemporary Europe: a thorny cacophony

ABSTRACT: The article examines the dialectic between European national models of religious freedom and the paradigm of religious freedom shaped in the international order and in particular by the human rights discourse. The analysis of the relationship between the modern - national-centered - and the contemporary - individual-centered - paradigm of religious freedom reveals, on the one hand, the difficult but inevitable osmosis between legal systems in a multilevel system of rights protection and, on the other hand, the deep transformation of religious freedom in contemporary Europe.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La decisione (in sintesi): una soluzione subottimale - 3. Il ruolo determinante del principio supremo di laicità - 4. Laicità sostanziale, laicità procedurale, accomodamento ragionevole - 5. Discriminazione diretta e indiretta - 6. Conclusioni.

The crucifix ‘accommodated’. Considerations at first reading of the judgment no. 24414/2021 by the United Sections of the Italian Supreme Court of cassation

ABSTRACT: With decision no. 24414/2021 the United Sections of the Italian Supreme Court of cassation have provided an unprecedented solution to the issue of religious symbols in the classrooms of public schools. In this essay the author analyses the judgment, focusing in particular on three aspects: the relationship between the so-called ‘Italian principle of secularism’ and the reasonable accommodation; the existence or not of discrimination against the teacher who has been obliged to teach under the crucifix; the practical ways in which this ruling can become 'living law' in the Italian legal system.

SOMMARIO: 1. Quadro normativo - 2. Ragionevole accomodamento - 3. Procedimento e soluzioni - 4. Inconvenienti di fatto e prospettive - Appendice.

From the “crucifix of State” to the “crucifix of class” (note in margin of Cassation 2021 sept. 9, n. 24414).

ABSTRACT: The display of a crucifix in the classrooms is a request furniture by students. In case of dissent by other students or by teachers the headteacher has to search for a mediation, namely a reasonable accomodation, among the conflicting opinions.

SOMMARIO: 1. Gli interventi del presidente Macron del 2018 e la battaglia contro il “separatismo islamista” - 2. Il percorso del progetto di legge “confortant le respect des principes de la République” - 3. Struttura e principali contenuti della legge - 3.1. “Garantir le respect des principes de la République et des exigences minimales de la vie en société” - 3.2. “Garantir le libre exercice du culte” - 4. “Qualcosa di nuovo, anzi di antico”.

The French law 24th August 2021, no. 1109, “consolidating respect for the principles of the Republic”

ABSTRACT: In October 2020, President Emmanuel Macron announced his intention to sponsor a law opposing “Islamic separatism” in French society. Introduced in December 2020 by the Interior Minister Gérald Darmanin, the bill contains measures on neutrality of the public service, fight against online hatred, protection of civil servants (e.g. teachers) and several criminal provisions, which aim at repressing conducts denoting radicalism. The French Parliament passed the controversial law - it is sometimes described as going contrary to the liberal values of the Republic that it seeks to protect - on 23rd July 2021 and President Macron promulgated it on 24th August. The contribution provides an overview of the new law.

SOMMARIO. 1. Introduzione - 2. Sfera privata, narrative politiche e diritto: famiglia e nazione nel Programma di cooperazione nazionale e nella nuova Costituzione ungherese - 3. La discriminazione delle minoranze: il divieto di registrazione del cambiamento di genere adottato durante la pandemia da COVID-19 - 4. Spazio pubblico, tradizione, identità nazionale e radici cristiane - 5. Etnosimbolismo e malessere sociale tra rifiuto del linguaggio politico centrato sui diritti fondamentali e sfruttamento delle aspettative che questi ingenerano - 6. Conclusioni.

Tradition, National Identity, Ethnosymbolism and Discrimination in Hungary: Challenging Fundamental Rights with their Own Weapons

Abstract: The ruling coalition in Hungary values tradition, retrieving it in areas that affect both the private sphere of citizens and the public sphere of institutions through political narratives that are implemented by law. Although the "recovered" and interpreted tradition shapes a collective imagination and a normative framework that, according to current language, could be described as extremely conservative, political narratives and normative interventions contribute to social change in an illiberal sense. They intercept widespread malaise and increase discrimination against minorities already at risk. Moving from a unique model of social regulation based on the family, the ruling coalition establishes a link between the latter and the nation, introduces bans on the registration of gender change and the promotion of LGBT contents. Within migration policy, it also constructs the target of migrants and uses Christianity as an ethno-identity component, meanwhile adopting measures that prevent the implementation of Christian values. Moreover, Hungarian narratives, while rejecting the fundamental rights-centered narrative of the liberal tradition, are able to politically "exploit" the expectations it creates among citizens. Following a populist logic, the ruling coalition openly rejects the liberal fundamental rights narrative, but at the same time fully utilizes it.

1 - Con ordinanza n. 19618 del 18 settembre 2020 una sezione della Cassazione ha rimesso alle Sezioni Unite la decisione di un ricorso contro la sentenza della Corte d’appello di Perugia, che ha respinto l’appello proposto da un docente contro la sentenza del Tribunale della stessa sede che aveva ritenuto legittima la sanzione disciplinare della temporanea sospensione dall’insegnamento comminatagli dall’Ufficio Scolastico Provinciale. Alla base di tale provvedimento vi era stato il comportamento del docente, il quale - secondo quanto esposto nell’ordinanza in oggetto - (segue)

The Crucifix controversy before the Supreme Court’s United Sections: protection of rights or iconoclast fury?

ABSTRACT: This short paper critically examines, in the light of Italian and European case-law, the contents and juridical arguments of an order issued by a Section of the Italian Court of Cassation, which remits to the United Sections – the highest level of the Court – the decision on the Crucifix controversy arisen in a State school. Differently from previuos cases, in the presento one the teacher, and not the students or their families, removed the crucifix, hanging on the wall of the classroom as required by an old regulation, against student’s will. This repeated behaviour stirred a controversy between the teacher and the school director, which is now under judgment. Under the Italian law, secularism is not in contrast with the display of religious symbols in a State school, whose mission is that of fostering and promoting the development of children’s and student’s personality also through the free exchange of different ideas and points of view.

SOMMARIO: 1. La clausola generale di ordine pubblico nei rapporti con l’ordinamento matrimoniale canonico: luci e ombre di un percorso tortuoso e accidentato - 2. Il contenuto del limite nella recente giurisprudenza di legittimità in materia di riconoscimento di sentenze e provvedimenti stranieri - 3. Brevi considerazioni conclusive: ordine pubblico e principi confessionali.

‘International’ public order and so-called ‘concordatarian’ public order: the content of the limit in the light of the recent jurisprudence of legitimacy

ABSTRACT: The limit of public order at the entry of judgments and provisions of external legal orders is interpreted by the jurisprudence of legitimacy with an increasingly attentive meaning to the subjective interests of the people involved. Thus, the clause is regressively oriented towards the protection of the internal harmony of the legal order, whilst it is progressively oriented towards guaranteeing the rights of individuals, recognized by the Constitutional Charter and the European Charters. This orientation leads to a subjectivized public order, the operation of which is often left to the availability of the parties.

SOMMARIO: 1. Dal riconoscimento degli effetti civili delle sentenze ecclesiastiche di nullità matrimoniale alla trascrizione del ripudio islamico - 2. Le specificità dell’istituto del ripudio - 3. I dubbi di compatibilità sollevati dal ripudio alla prova della recente giurisprudenza di legittimità - 4. La sentenza n. 16804 del 7 agosto 2020 e l’intrascrivibilità di un ripudio sciaraitico pronunciato in Palestina - 5. L’ordinanza n. 17170 del 14 agosto 2020 sulla trascrivibilità di un divorzio unilaterale pronunciato in Iran - 6. Annotazioni conclusive: ordine pubblico e diversità religiosa alla prova degli effetti generati dalla trascrizione.

Diversity and Private International Law: Islamic repudiation and its relevance into the Italian legal system in the light of two recent judgments of the Court of Cassation

ABSTRACT: Two recent judgments of the Court of Cassation lead to the center of attention the issue of recognition in Italy of repudiation orders issued abroad by Sharia courts. The general clause of international public order becomes thus the filter to measure the degree of openness of our legal system to other values, clearly foreign to the Italian and European legal horizon.