Contenuti per la categoria: Simboli religiosi e abbigliamento

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La decisione (in sintesi): una soluzione subottimale - 3. Il ruolo determinante del principio supremo di laicità - 4. Laicità sostanziale, laicità procedurale, accomodamento ragionevole - 5. Discriminazione diretta e indiretta - 6. Conclusioni.

The crucifix ‘accommodated’. Considerations at first reading of the judgment no. 24414/2021 by the United Sections of the Italian Supreme Court of cassation

ABSTRACT: With decision no. 24414/2021 the United Sections of the Italian Supreme Court of cassation have provided an unprecedented solution to the issue of religious symbols in the classrooms of public schools. In this essay the author analyses the judgment, focusing in particular on three aspects: the relationship between the so-called ‘Italian principle of secularism’ and the reasonable accommodation; the existence or not of discrimination against the teacher who has been obliged to teach under the crucifix; the practical ways in which this ruling can become 'living law' in the Italian legal system.

SOMMARIO: 1. Quadro normativo - 2. Ragionevole accomodamento - 3. Procedimento e soluzioni - 4. Inconvenienti di fatto e prospettive - Appendice.

From the “crucifix of State” to the “crucifix of class” (note in margin of Cassation 2021 sept. 9, n. 24414).

ABSTRACT: The display of a crucifix in the classrooms is a request furniture by students. In case of dissent by other students or by teachers the headteacher has to search for a mediation, namely a reasonable accomodation, among the conflicting opinions.

1 - Con ordinanza n. 19618 del 18 settembre 2020 una sezione della Cassazione ha rimesso alle Sezioni Unite la decisione di un ricorso contro la sentenza della Corte d’appello di Perugia, che ha respinto l’appello proposto da un docente contro la sentenza del Tribunale della stessa sede che aveva ritenuto legittima la sanzione disciplinare della temporanea sospensione dall’insegnamento comminatagli dall’Ufficio Scolastico Provinciale. Alla base di tale provvedimento vi era stato il comportamento del docente, il quale - secondo quanto esposto nell’ordinanza in oggetto - (segue)

The Crucifix controversy before the Supreme Court’s United Sections: protection of rights or iconoclast fury?

ABSTRACT: This short paper critically examines, in the light of Italian and European case-law, the contents and juridical arguments of an order issued by a Section of the Italian Court of Cassation, which remits to the United Sections – the highest level of the Court – the decision on the Crucifix controversy arisen in a State school. Differently from previuos cases, in the presento one the teacher, and not the students or their families, removed the crucifix, hanging on the wall of the classroom as required by an old regulation, against student’s will. This repeated behaviour stirred a controversy between the teacher and the school director, which is now under judgment. Under the Italian law, secularism is not in contrast with the display of religious symbols in a State school, whose mission is that of fostering and promoting the development of children’s and student’s personality also through the free exchange of different ideas and points of view.

SOMMARIO: 1. Un simbolo religioso - 2. Una laicità pluralista - 3. Modelli di laicità e simboli religiosi - 4. Il crocifisso - 5. … e la sua “democratizzazione” - 6. Bilanciamento e non discriminazione - 7. Tutela e autotutela.

The Crucifix back to Supreme Court of Cassation. Notes by amicus curiae.

ABSTRACT: The display of a crucifix in the classrooms breaks the separatism principle and, although voted by the majority of the class, is discriminatory versus the unfavorable pupils and teacher. The protection of the freedom of consciency permits the teacher himself in case to displace  the icon throughout his lesson.
 

SOMMARIO: 1. L’art. 7 del d.p.r. n. 285 del 1990 - 2. Parti anatomiche amputate e rifiuti infettivi - 3. Riflessioni sul trattamento dei feti abortiti - 4. Qualche precisazione su temi connessi - 5. A mo’ di conclusione.

“The Ball and the Cross”: the fetuses aborted as medical waste to be destroyed or as mortal remains to be honoured

ABSTRACT: Is there an obligation for Italian hospitals to destroy aborted fetuses as infectious waste? Yes, for a recently published paper. On the contrary, we’ll se that, even without an explicit application of the mother, the hospital has the right not to destroy the aborted fetus, proceeding to its burial or cremation. In fact, it is necessary to interpret correctly the article 7 of the Decree of the President of the Republic n. 285 of 1990, also applying the rules on the treatment of medical waste. So it will be clear that the same regulations for the treatment of recognizable body parts must be applied to the treatment of aborted fetuses.

SOMMARIO: 1. Un nuovo tipo di approccio alla vexata quaestio della legittimità dell’esposizione del crocifisso nelle aule scolastiche italiane - 2. L’ordinanza della Cassazione 18 settembre 2020, n. 19618: i fatti di causa e lo svolgimento del giudizio di merito - 3. I diritti nell’ambiente scolastico rivendicati dal ricorrente e l’inquadramento della vicenda operato dalla Cassazione - 4. L’(ingiustificata) esclusione dalla sfera applicativa del regio decreto n. 965 del 1924 delle scuole secondarie superiori - 5. I presupposti per far valere una discriminazione indiretta ai danni del lavoratore - 6. L’incongruenza della tesi che desume l’esistenza di una “finalità legittima” del trattamento differenziato dall’esigenza del rispetto della “coscienza morale e civile degli alunni” come declinata dalla “volontà della maggioranza” dei medesimi - 7. La diversa ipotesi della “finalità legittima” del trattamento differenziato dipendente da una decisione rientrante nelle competenze degli organi di autogoverno della scuola - 8. Gli scenari futuribili.

Crucifix and workers’ rights in the school environment (waiting for the United Sections of the Court of Cassation)

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the question of whether the display of crucifixes in public school classrooms is compatible with workers’ rights, in particular the right of teachers not to be discriminated against. To do so, it takes as its starting point a recent ruling by the Court of Cassation, which referred the matter to the United Sections of the same Court for a decision.

El pasado 7 de marzo se celebró en Suiza un referéndum, propiciado por un partido de la derecha del país, a fin de prohibir el uso del burqa y el niqab islámico en los espacios públicos; aunque encubierta bajo la propuesta, aparentemente neutral, del veto a toda indumentaria que oculte el rostro de la persona. Los resultados arrojan la victoria de los partidarios del sí por una exigua mayoría (el 52% de los votos); lo cual refleja la división social existente. Ahora deberá ser el Gobierno suizo el que presente una ley en este sentido para su aprobación parlamentaria. Los carteles de propaganda del partido Unión Democrática de Centro, propugnador de la consulta, reflejan bien la motivación del veto. La cara de una mujer con el niqab a la que solo se ven los ojos se acompaña con un pie de cartel con la siguiente leyenda: “Paremos el extremismo. Sí a la prohibición”. Lo más llamativo es la expresión de la escasa zona del rostro de la mujer que se ve: el entrecejo fruncido, las cejas curvadas hacia el centro enmarcan unos ojos coléricos. Se diría que está amenazando al espectador. El cartel de propaganda es revelador del mensaje que se intenta transmitir, el mensaje del miedo; o, más allá, la identificación del musulmán con el violento, el terrorista. (segue)

SOMMARIO: 1. La figura del “reato culturalmente motivato” e l’idea di multiculturalismo - 2. L’eterogeneità della categoria dei reati culturalmente motivati. Il principio di offensività come canone ermeneutico e veicolo di un approccio interdisciplinare - 3. Il “porto” del kirpan: l’approccio ‘fonografico’ del giudice di legittimità nell’ordinamento italiano - 4. La reasonable accomodation nell’interpretazione pluralista della Corte Suprema Canadese attraverso il caso Multani. Spunti per una comparazione - 5. L’„accomodation” alla prova del paradigma sicuritario. La vicenda del riconoscimento della personalità giuridica della comunità sikh in Italia.

Rethinking the antinomy of the cultural offence. Hypotheses from a legal-philosophical perspective

ABSTRACT: The essay is intends to problematize the epistemological perspective which, in the Italian system, upholds the judicial interpretation related to the cases that can be ascribed to the category of the so-called cultural offence. In this regard, t he article is focused on the case-law concerning the religious practices of the sikh believer and on the legal recognition affair of Sikhism in Italy, identifying this empirical field as a privileged observatory. The topic of the analysis, through the Canadian approach, makes it possible to assess the canons of the prevailing hermeneutics in matter and to envisage hypotheses toward a rethinking of the theoretical assumptions underlying the criminal law enforcement, especially considering non offensive conduct of a religious nature.

SUMMARY: 1. Key terms and definitions - 2. Two ways to look at culturally motivated crimes: the case of the kirpan in the Italian and in the Canadian jurisprudence - 3. Moving forward: the Italian Court of Cassation n. 29613/2018 - 3.1. Cultural tests: a comparative insight - 3.2. The cultural test in the Italian judgment of 2018 - 4. Final remarks.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to analyze culturally motivated crimes with a comparative focus and a case law approach. First of all, a set of definitions is given to have a common and shared understanding of the topic at stake. What is culture and what do we mean by culturally motivated crimes? Secondly, a comparative case-law study helps to focus the possible different solutions given to the cultural factor in criminal law. In fact, some legal systems -such as the Canadian one - appear to be more willing than others to make concrete accommodations of cultural differences. Lastly, the latest Italian Court of Cassation suggests a possible direction to be taken to better treat culturally motivated crimes in today’s multicultural society. What does it mean for criminal law to be culturally sensitive? How can courts take into consideration cultural factors through a proper legal method? These are the main questions on which criminal doctrine has focused its attention trying to reshape a criminal model which can be responsive to those different cultural values, needs and interests.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Premessa teorica: la funzione di orientamento sociale del diritto - 2.1. Chiarezza dei messaggi normativi (a monte) - 2.2. Chiarezza dei messaggi normativi (a valle) - 3. Accomodamenti ragionevoli nel diritto antidiscriminatorio dell’Unione europea - 3.1. Perché manca una disposizione sugli accomodamenti ragionevoli basati su tutti i fattori? - 3.2. Perché ampliare la norma sugli accomodamenti ragionevoli? - 4. Dalla norma inderogabile al diversity management - 5. Ripensare il diritto antidiscriminatorio e il diversity management in una prospettiva interculturale - 6. Considerazioni conclusive.

Reasonable Accommodation Based on Religion in Law and Diversity Management

ABSTRACT: The ban on discrimination against workers grounded on religion is a fundamental principle enshrined in the European Union’s primary legislation and anti-discrimination law. However, currently, there is no binding provision at this level of legislation which imposes on employers to adopt reasonable accommodation based on this category. Many scholars promote the adoption of this measure based on religion. Still, the recent jurisprudence of the Court of Justice does not seem encouraging in this sense. In light of this situation, the article aims to investigate the reasons underlying the limitations of the hard law provisions and the implications of the shift from the level of the mandatory norm to that of policy and diversity management in accommodating religious diversity at work, with particular regard to Muslim women working in the private sector. European institutions seem to delegate the law-related function of social orientation to policy and diversity management. Various critical issues emerge from this process of de-juridification, although diversity management generates some good practices, also within the so-called Diversity Charters. With the aim to support the implementation of reasonable religion-based accommodation, this article suggests rethinking the anti-discrimination law and diversity management from an intercultural perspective.