Contenuti per la categoria: Organizzazioni di tendenza

Is it possible to measure religious or belief minority rights?

ABSTRACT: Is it possible to measure how much the legal systems of the European Union countries respect and promote the rights of religious or belief minorities? Based on the findings of the Atlas of religious or belief minority rights research project (https://atlasminorityrights.eu), this article answers the question in the affirmative. The paper is divided into three parts. The first briefly describes the methodology and techniques used to measure minority rights. They are determined by the answers given to some preliminary questions that are discussed in the second part of the contribution. The last section of the article outlines the purpose and value of measuring religious or belief minority rights.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La misurazione dei diritti delle minoranze di religione e convinzione - 3. L’oggetto e i confini della misurazione - 4. L’utilità della misurazione.

SOMMARIO: 1. Osservazioni introduttive circa la disciplina degli enti religiosi alla luce del codice del Terzo settore - 2. Cenni al binomio sport-religione - 3. Il caso del Centro Sportivo Italiano (CSI) - 4. Brevi considerazioni conclusive alla luce del documento “Dare il meglio di sé”.

Religious inspired sports bodies. The ‘Centro Sportivo Italiano’ case.

ABSTRACT: After an overview and highlighting of the most recent changes introduced to the Code of the Third Sector and of the wide range of interplay and frictions between religion and sport, from a legal perspective, the contribution focuses on the religious inspired sports bodies. Among these, the paper discusses the case of the Centro Sportivo Italiano and examines its statutes and association pact that outline the Catholic religious orientation. The essay ends by considering the 2018 document “Giving the best of yourself” of the Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life, which can be described as the first real Catholic manifesto on the Catholic perspective on sport and human person.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Il frammentato quadro normativo in materia di LGBT rights - 3. Il caso Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia - 4. L’impatto della pronunzia Bostock sulle istituzioni religiose - 5. La tutela offerta dal Title VII all’esercizio della libertà religiosa - 6. La Section 702(a) del Title VII e le questioni interpretative irrisolte - 7. Nuove letture giurisprudenziali della Section 702(a) - 8. L’interazione fra esenzioni religiose ex Section 702(a) e sex discrimination: possibili futuri scenari alla luce del caso Bostock - 9. La specificità delle istituzioni impegnate nel settore dell’istruzione - 10. La ministerial exception e i limiti della sua applicabilità - 11. Il RFRA - 12. I rischi derivanti da un utilizzo over-expansive del RFRA - 13. La Free Exercise Clause - 14. Le vie percorribili per recepire nuove prospettive valoriali - 15. Il mancato intervento del Congresso - 16. Principio di non discriminazione ed esercizio della libertà religiosa: un binomio incompatibile? - 17. L’esempio della legislazione sui same-sex marriages - 18. La tutela dell’istituzionalismo religioso e i suoi “ragionevoli” limiti - 19. Conclusioni.

The interplay between religious exemptions and LGBT rights in the workplace: new judicial trajectories at the crossroads of plural narratives

ABSTRACT: A recent U.S. Supreme Court judgement found that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act covers discriminations founded on gender identity and sexual orientation. The present paper analyses the effect of this judgement on the exercise of religious freedom of faith-based organizations and investigates the possibility of finding ways to reconcile competing interests.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le finalità dell’impresa sanitaria cattolica nel Messaggio di Papa Francesco per la XXVII Giornata mondiale del malato - 2. Lo scopo di lucro e il vincolo di economicità nell’art. 2082 c.c.: la sfera di auto-nomia dell’imprenditore - 2.1. L’alternativa del modello anglosassone della filantropia d’impresa - 3. La dimensione solidaristica: il progetto dell’impresa “comunità di uomini” - 3.1. Il ruolo dell’etica nella forma organizzativa e nell’attività d’impresa - 3.2. La centralità dei “bisogni fondamentali della comunità” e l’assetto economico-funzionale dell’impresa: l’esigenza di bilanciamento degli interessi - 3.3. L’assetto organizzativo e il modello partecipativo. Il ruolo dell’informazione - 3.4. La domanda di salute tra efficienza economica ed efficienza sanitaria - 3.5. L’offerta di salute: il mercato e il principio di responsabilità - 4. Sulla fisionomia dell’impresa sanitaria cattolica - 5. Lo statuto normativo e la forma organizzativa dell’impresa sanitaria cattolica - 6. L’impresa sanitaria cattolica e lo scopo di lucro.

On Catholic healthcare organizations and business law

ABSTRACT: The essay deals with the characteristics of the healthcare company inspired by the Social Doctrine of the Catholic Church and the methods of pursuing its true values according to the enterprise law.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. La Direttiva 2000/78 CE e i casi Egenberger e IR arrivati a Lussemburgo - 3. Autonomia delle chiese e tutela giurisdizionale dei diritti all’interno delle organizzazioni religiosamente orientate. I contenuti criptici delle pronunce di Lussemburgo - 4. Il requisito ideologico nelle organizzazioni di tendenza. Le integrazioni della Corte UE e le riletture in corso da parte confessionale - 5. L’art. 17 TFUE e l’attesa di chiarimenti.

Religious-Ethos Employers between European Directive, national laws and Court of Justice EU

ABSTRACT: This article examines two recent rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Union (cases Egenberger and IR). These are the first rulings on art. 4, par. 2, Directive 2000/78/EC on “occupational activities within churches and other public or private organisations the ethos of which is based on religion or belief“. On the one hand the author focuses on the passages concerning religious autonomy and jurisdictional protection of rights; on the other hand she highlights the links between the jurisprudence of the two European courts (CJEU and ECHR) and tries to reconcile the statements of the Court of Justice and those of the German constitutional Court on the limits to the autonomy of churches. However, the article highlights how the Court of Justice has not adequately addressed neither the art. 10 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights EU, nor the art. 17 of the TFEU. As regards the ideological requirement set by art. 4, par. 2 of the European Directive, the study focuses on the additions made by the Court of Justice and recalls the reinterpretations of the ideological requirement recently adopted by the Catholic and Evangelical Churches in Germany.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Norme di conflitto del diritto canonico - 3. Visione d’insieme delle disposizioni - 3.1. Competenza dei tribunali ecclesiastici - 3.2. Il diritto processuale applicabile - 3.3. Il diritto sostanziale applicabile - 3.4. Il valore del diritto divino - 4. Dignitas connubii e Mitis iudex - 4.1. La Dignitas connubii è ancora in vigore? - 4.2. Processus brevior per matrimoni di non cattolici? - 5. L'art. 4 DC nella prassi giudiziale - 5.1. Una sentenza a Vancouver - 5.2. Aspetti processuali - 5.3. Il diritto sostanziale da applicare - 5.4. Terminologia - 6. Argomenti non presenti nella Dignitas connubii - 6.1. Riconoscimento di sentenze di nullità matrimoniale straniere - 6.2. Vizio di forma accertabile nell'esame degli sposi - 6.3. Quale tribunale cattolico è competente? - 7. Uno sguardo a possibili sviluppi futuri.

Dignitas connubii and marriages of Non-Catholics. An achievement to be maintained, improved and complemented

Abstract: The instruction Dignitas connubii of 2005, Art 2-4, deals with marriages, in which one or both parts are non-Catholic - whether baptized or not. This is a great progress initiated by the Second Vatican Council, even if there still are some omissions and ambiguities in the regulations. Since 2005, some jurisprudential experience could be gained and further official documents concerning non-Catholic marriages have been issued. They are mainly dealing with Orthodox Christians and are dedicated to the recognition of matrimonial sentences, the determination of formal defects and competence issues. Mitis iudex does not mention anything concerning this topic but in case a new instruction should be made now, the named Articles would have to be maintained, improved and complemented.

SOMMARIO: 1. Autonomia delle organizzazioni religiose e diritti dei singoli: il problema ‘classico’ del contemperamento - 2. Il problema del contemperamento dinanzi alla Corte di giustizia. I casi Vera Egenberger e JQ: stessa narrativa per due gemelli (in parte) diversi? - 3. Il profilo sostanziale delle decisioni: le dimensioni della libertà religiosa e il principio di non discriminazione - 4. Il profilo ordinamentale: Carta dei diritti e principi generali del diritto dell’Unione europea nel rapporto fra sistemi.

Collective religious freedom and principle of non-discrimination in the ‘constitutional’ system of the European Union

ABSTRACT: In the two recently handed down Judgments in the cases Vera Egenberger and JQ, the Court of Justice of the European Union for the first time interpreted Article 4, par. 2 of the Anti-discrimination Framework Directive (Directive 2000/78/EC) admitting a ‘religious exemption’ in favour of Churches and other religious organisation, and ruled on the horizontal application of the right not to be discriminated against in situations coming within the scope of EU law. The paper explores the substantive implications of those Judgments for the collective religious freedom and their contribution in clarifying the horizontal direct effect of the fundamental rights and principles enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

Il 28 settembre 2018, presso l’Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, si è tenuto un convegno internazionale co-finanziato dall’Unione Europea, che ha visto la partecipazione di giovani studiosi delle più diverse discipline giuridiche, italiani e stranieri. I relatori, selezionati in seguito ad una “call for papers”, cui è stata data ampia pubblicità in Italia e all’estero, si sono confrontati sul tema del pluralismo religioso nel sistema europeo e, soprattutto, nella recente giurisprudenza delle Corti sovranazionali. (continua)

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. The meaning of State neutrality: some conceptual clarifications - 3. State’s neutrality vis-à-vis religious organizations: neutrality as absence of interference - 4. State’s neutrality vis-à-vis public education: neutrality as objectivity - 5. State neutrality vis-à-vis religious symbols in the public sphere: neutrality as exclusion of religion - 6. ‘Reversed’ patters of neutrality: the disruptive effect of Lautsi v. Italy - 7. Concluding remarks: decoding the patterns of State neutrality in the jurisprudence of the ECtHR.

ABSTRACT: This contribution discusses the notion of State neutrality in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. State neutrality has become increasingly relevant in the rulings of the ECtHR concerning religious freedom, with the Court explicitly resorting to the idea that States should act as neutral and impartial organizers of religious life within their community. Yet, the conception of State neutrality developed by the Court is inconsistent and often gives rise to criticism. By exploring the Court’s main jurisprudence in the context of religious disputes, religious education in public education, and the display of religious symbols in public spaces, this contribution seeks to disentangle the different understandings of neutrality employed by the Court and to critically engage with them.

SOMMARIO: 1. La direttiva europea 2000/78/CE e le organizzazioni di tendenza - 2. Il caso Egenberger c. Evangelisches Werk dinanzi alla Corte di giustizia - 3. La sindacabilità dei provvedimenti confessionali in materia di lavoro - 4. I controlimiti alla disapplicazione della direttiva - 5. L’obbligo giudiziario di conformazione del diritto nazionale a quello europeo - 6. Il divieto di discriminazione sul lavoro alla stregua della Carta dei diritti del cittadino europeo.

No difference of treatment on grounds of religion or belief and religious organizations

ABSTRACT: It’s the first time that the Court of Justice E.U. deals with the limits of the exemption from ban on discrimination on grounds of religion or belief in favour of organisations the ethos of which is based on religion or belief. The German law implemented softly the directive 2000/78/CE favouring that ethos, as interpreted by those organizations, and consequently limiting the judicial review merely to its plausibility. Viceversa according to the European Court the religion or belief must constitute a genuine, legitimate and justified occupational requirement, having regard to the organisation’s ethos and the proportionality principle (even though not explicitly recalled by the directive). So an exhaustive judgement allows an objective, not spiritualistic, evaluation of the occupational activities and therefore a stronger legal protection of workers under articles 10, 21 and 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.