Fifty years after the conference in which Law and Religion Scholars held a dialogue with Constitutional Scholars in Siena, central issues of that discussion are recalled, and those of a future debate are envisaged, with the hope that both disciplines might benefit from it.
Fifty years after the conference in which Law and Religion Scholars held a dialogue with Constitutional Scholars in Siena, central issues of that discussion are recalled, and those of a future debate are envisaged, with the hope that both disciplines might benefit from it.
The “Church Mission” in the Concordats after the Vatican Council II
ABSTRACT: The Concordat Policy of the Holy Seat went through an unexpected development after the Vatican Council II. The agreements subscribed over the last decades have indeed engaged with lots of European Countries, and the range expanded to the African and Asia continent. The new geography designed to this agreements also matches with innovations in the structure and content of them. This essay aims to analyze this innovation and its strict connection with the documents of the Vatican Council II, enlightening how this has determined a more theological view of the objectives through which the freedom of the Catholic Church defines and details itself. While the concordats of the first half of the past century accompanied, followed and enlarged the trajectory of the Church rights towards spiritualization, this new phase is, indeed, characterized by a theological placement of the interests, whose freedom is indeed the object of the protections granted by the Concordats, which are briefly expressed by the lemma “Church Mission”, found in the first articles of the Concordats. This lemma, in the conciliar texts, is characterized not only by a theological dimension, but also by its direct connection with religious freedom.
Sommario: 1. Una premessa - 2. I precedenti e il contesto dottrinale - 3. I documenti conciliari - 4. La “missione della chiesa” negli accordi concordatari tra XX° e XXI° secolo - 5. Per qualche annotazione conclusiva.
Vatican geopolitics, political institutions and episcopal ordinations in the People's Republic of China. Reflections on State-Church Relations
ABSTRACT: The agreement between the Holy See and the People's Republic of China, concluded in 2018 ad experimentum, has been extended until 31-12-2024.Relations between the Vatican and the Holy See do not follow a linear trend, due to the recurring attempts of some Chinese clergy-so-called patriot clergy-to accept appointments as Diocesan Ordinary without the mandate of the Holy See. In such cases, the relevant regulatory provisions entail excommunication latae sententiae. This contribution, analysing some historical precedents such as the struggle for the endowments and the separation of the constitutional clergy in the period of the French Revolution, proposes an interpretation of the events to understand the Holy See's attitude in the remission of the excommunication to the patriot bishops: the realisation that Catholicism was no longer a phenomenon limited to the European world. The centre of gravity of the Church's influence is irreversibly declining towards non-European areas.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Introduzione al tema - 3. Ius publicum ecclesiasticum sinicum - 4. L’accordo del 2018 tra Santa Sede e Repubblica Popolare Cinese - 5. Il primo quadriennio di applicazione. Riflessioni critiche - 6. Storia e controstoria - 7. Le radici medievali dei rapporti tra Chiesa e Stato: tra Gregorio VII ed Enrico IV - 8. L’età moderna. Le aperture del vescovo G.B. Chiaramonti per una 'democrazia cristiana'. Gli 'articoli organici' del periodo napoleonico - 9. Storia e modernità nelle relazioni tra Chiesa e Repubblica Popolare Cinese.
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione: tre domande sulla difficile costruzione di una società pluralista. Dalla Costituente ai fatidici anni ’70 - 2. La fase applicativa delle norme costituzionali in materia di libertà religiosa: fra tentennamenti politici, violazioni della legalità costituzionale e complessità sociale - 3. La “governance” nelle relazioni tra sfera pubblica e fenomeno religioso - 4. Il “cantiere Europa”: le possibilità di una democrazia (in crisi) - 5. Conclusioni.
It ought to be necessary a new Italian governance for religious freedom
ABSTRACT: This work highlights, in a descriptive fashion, some of the critical aspects of the relationships between the State and religious groups in Italy. Concrete legal policy proposals are suggested, within the applicable constitutional framework, taking into account the changed social, cultural and religious context of the country.
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La monarchia di Idris Al Senussi e la Costituzione del 1951 - 3. L’Islam nella Libia di Re Idris - 4. Moammar Gheddafi e la Terza Teoria Universale: l’Islam all’interno del “Nuovo” sistema libico - 5. Gheddafi e il movimento islamista - 6. La caduta di Gheddafi, la Dichiarazione Costituzionale del 2011 e l’Islam - 7. L’ultima bozza del 2017 e i contrasti infiniti - 8. Brevi riflessioni.
The Constitution and the role of Islam in Libya from independence to the fall of Moammar Gaddafi: origins and perspectives
ABSTRACT: This study aims to retrace Libya's constitutional path from Independence, obtained in December 1951, up to the "post-Gaddafi" era, which began with his fall in October 2011 and where the agreement on a new Constitution is still today - after more than ten years - one of the thorniest issues in the construction of a real Libyan State. Particular emphasis will be given to the religious aspect that has characterized the Constitutional Charter of Libya in its short national history and to the religious challenges faced in the different historical phases. The study will be divided into three parts. The first one will try to frame the constitutional discourse in the new independent Libya under the monarchy of King Idris al-Senussi. In the second part, will be addressed to the drastic changes that occurred with Moammar Gaddafi's rise to power. Finally, in the last part will try to draw a picture of what the situation is today and to understand what are actually the obstacles that are holding back an agreement between the rival factions (East and West) on a shared Constitution.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. La forma: la qualificazione dell’Intesa come accordo di natura internazionalistica - 3. La ratifica e l’esecuzione dell’Intesa nell’ordinamento dello Stato, con le relative norme di adeguamento: l’esito paradossale di una disciplina “duplicata” - 4. Le ondivaghe “vicissitudini” dell’art. 17 C.O.M.: un “termostato” delle tensioni sociali e giuridiche riguardanti la materia e l’esigenza di una riforma - 5. Politica concordataria della Santa Sede e attribuzioni alle Conferenze episcopali nazionali. Alcune considerazioni sulla polarizzazione del dibattito pubblico in Italia - 6. I contenuti dell’Intesa; 7. Le norme di adeguamento dell’ordinamento interno: novità e rilievi critici - 7.1. La direzione e il coordinamento del Servizio di assistenza spirituale: una titolarità giuridica diretta in capo all’Ordinario militare per l’Italia - 7.2. L’introduzione della figura dei Cappellani militari coordinatori, in luogo degli Ispettori: alcuni problemi di sicurezza per le istituzioni militari dello Stato- 7.3. Il concetto canonico di “sede vacante” entra nell’ordinamento militare - 7.4. La procedura di individuazione e di determinazione delle sedi per i cappellani militari - 7.5. L’art. 1533-bis C.O.M.: il divieto di corresponsione di emolumenti accessori e la materia “spirituale e pastorale” - 7.6. La nomina dell’Ordinario militare e del Vicario generale - 7.7. Il regime di assimilazione ai gradi gerarchici per i cappellani militari: nella sostanza non cambia nulla - 7.8. Altre novelle legislative: l’organico dei cappellani; la procedura di nomina; la dismissione dallo stato clericale - 8. Prime tensioni tra Ordinariato militare e amministrazione della Difesa sull’applicazione della legge - 9. Perché nell’Intesa non c’è alcun riferimento alle donne consacrate che operano negli stabilimenti militari? - 10. Conclusioni: il Capo I della legge n. 70 del 2021 come “caso-studio” del decadimento normativo e della crisi del Parlamento.
Some comments on the agreement between the Italian Republic and the Holy See for spiritual assistance to the Catholic members of the Armed Forces
ABSTRACT: Through the application of the Italian Law no. 70/2021, we see the long-awaited revision of the institute of religious assistance to Catholics within the Armed Forces, with the authorization of the ratification of the Exchange of Letters between the President of the Council of Ministers and the Secretary of the Vatican City State (on February 13, 2018) and the related rules for the adaptation of the internal legal system. The new aspects, however, are very limited in scope.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Il libro IV come introduzione al tema - 3. I magna latrocinia - 4. Lo svolgimento logico della tesi agostiniana sul rapporto tra Stato e giustizia - 5. Cristo come unico criterio per la giustizia/virtù/felicità - 6. Il libro XIX come allargamento dei confini della legittimità dello Stato - 7. Le due civitates - 8. L’assetto delle due città nel saeculum - 9. L’identificazione della CD con la Chiesa - 10. La predestinazione quale criterio di ascrizione alle due civitates - 11. Il DcD come strumento politico - 12. Una conseguenza imprevedibile (?): la secolarizzazione - 13. Conclusione.
Augustine’s De civitate Dei and its influence on the process of secularization of the State
ABSTRACT: Is justice essential to State? Augustine, in the fourth book of the City of God, starts with a strict idea of State, but then widens the definition: he grants that also an unjust - not based on the real God - State may be a real State. This option seems to be prominent in the process of secularization enacted in the last centuries, but it’s also connected to other matter: the predestination, the identification (or not) between the City of God and the Church, and so on. Methodologically, I tried to read what Augustine really wrote and not what others said about his works.
SOMMARIO: 1. Una “nota verbale” non senza precedenti - 2. Le garanzie offerte dal diritto interno - 3. La preferenza ecclesiastica per la via diplomatica - 4. L’ingerenza secondo il trattato lateranense - 5. L’art. 4 del d.d.l. - 6. L’art. 7 del d.d.l. - 7. Il self-restraint sulle criticità della tutela dell’identità di genere - 8. Cause ed effetti della “nota verbale” - Appendice.
The Holy See and the Zan Bill on the subject of LGBTQ Defence
ABSTRACT: The diplomatic “parol note” by which the Holy See participated on the Zan bill is a formally incorrect deed but substantially reduced the protest only to the freedom interests of the Church, without interfering more in the full legislative power of the State in order to give also penal importance to the LGBTQ antidiscriminatory defence.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa. La solidarietà tra i coniugi nello svolgersi ‘effettivo’ della loro convivenza: traiettorie convergenti nella recente giurisprudenza di legittimità - 2. Il ‘conflitto’ tra i giudicati di divorzio e di ‘delibazione’ e la progressiva emersione della loro alterità - 3. Diritto all’assegno divorzile, (in)validità del matrimonio-atto e loro reciproca indifferenza nelle motivazioni delle Sezioni unite - 4. L’assegno come specificazione del dovere di solidarietà post-coniugale. La ratio ‘assistenzialistica’ dell’istituto secondo la giurisprudenza più risalente - 5. (segue) e la sua successiva rilettura in chiave di ‘autoresponsabilità’- 6. Libertà e reciproca responsabilità nella cornice solidaristica della convivenza - 7. La tutela del coniuge ‘debole’ come interesse irrinunciabile dell'ordinamento secolare - 8. Conclusioni.
Freedom and responsibility in the conjugal cohabitation: the stability of the divorce allowance after the exequatur of canonical nullity
ABSTRACT: In the recent ruling no. 9004 of 2021, the United Sections affirmed that the exequatur of the ecclesiastical judgment of nullity does not paralyze the trial on the economic effects of divorce, if the latter has already become unappealable. The ruling reveals a close link with the precedents of the Court no. 16379 of 2014 and no. 18287 of 2018, with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of conjugal cohabitation and the mutual responsibilities that are connected to it.