Contenuti per la categoria: Minoranze religiose

SOMMARIO: 1. Una vexata quaestio e l’andamento carsico del suo periodico riproporsi - 2. Premessa di metodo: guardare un paesaggio consueto con nuovi occhi per scoprire orizzonti prima inesplorati - 3. I meri fatti e il caso sub judice come modo di “leggerli” - 4. Le questioni di merito: a) del buon uso dei simboli pubblici, veicoli di messaggi “istituzionali” o espressione di sentimenti popolari condivisi - 5. b) L’antica saggezza del “ragionevole accomodamento” come bussola tratta dalle esperienze multiculturali per navigare oggi il mare tempestoso del mondo variegato - 6. Dal diario di bordo di un vecchio professore.

Secularism as a critical dialogue respecting cultural differences

ABSTRACT: The ruling decision pronounced by the United Sections of the Supreme Court of Cassation in Italy, which calls for a “reasonable accomodation” about the posting of the crucifix in the class-rooms, as a precious opportunity to promote at the public school - primary place of socialization beyond family - dialogical practices of intercultural and inter-religious encounter.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: l’Islam tra religione ed economia - 2. Dalla finanza al contratto islamico, tra vincolo e libertà: alla ricerca di una teoria generale dei contratti - 3. L’etica islamica dei contratti: divieto di ribà e divieto di ghàrar - 4. Operatività delle attività della banca islamica e contrattualistica commerciale Shari’ah Compliant - 5. I contratti di tipo partecipativo: “mudàraba” e “mushàraka” - 6. (segue) Tipologie di mudàraba - 7. Cenni conclusivi e prospettive future.

The Prophet's Economy: Islamic Finance and the Religious Foundations of Islamic Law of Shari'ah Compliant Contracts

ABSTRACT: The growing presence of Muslim believers in Europe has increasingly led to heated debates also at the doctrinal level. Legal and economic literature, particularly, has recently emphasised the importance that inclusive, effective and efficient financial regulation can have on the degree of integration of the Islamic communities present in non-Muslim contexts. Since the Shari'ah dictates a series of behavioural rules in different sectors of the believer’s life, the Koran and the narratives of the Prophet (hadith) offer a series of prescriptions also in economic matters. With the aim of outlining the religious and juridical reasoning of the so-called halal economic dimension, this paper first examines the economic principles of Islamic finance: the prohibition of ribà (interest), the prohibition of ghàrar (uncertainty) and that of maysìr (speculation). It then provides a recognition aimed at finding a general theory of Islamic contracts. Finally, it reconstructs the discipline of the mudàraba and musharàka participatory contracts. These two forms of contracts represent a product of Islamic finance widely used in banking-financial practice and considered by Islamic legal schools to be totally in conformity with the Word of Allah. They are therefore instruments of comparison particularly interesting as well as useful for the Italian legal system. They can represent a flywheel for the integration of Muslims in the social fabric, and at the same time, an antidote to the unstable European economic panorama.

SOMMARIO - 1. Il crocifisso in classe davanti alle Sezioni Unite - 2. Laicità dello Stato e autonomia scolastica - 3. Conflitto tra diritti e reasonable accommodation - 4. La regola della reasonable accommodation nella giurisprudenza straniera e italiana - 5. Il crocifisso come simbolo “essenzialmente passivo” nella giurisprudenza europea - 6. Reasonable accommodation in assenza di una lesione di diritti: rilievi critici - 7. Bilanciamento dei diritti e legislazione scolastica - 8. Il rapporto asimmetrico tra docente e alunni nella scuola: un dato del tutto omesso - 9. La rimozione del crocifisso da parte del docente: un atto lecito? Osservazioni conclusive.

The Supreme Court’s United Sections on the Crucifix controversy in schools: searching for a difficult balance between laicism and European case-law

ABSTRACT: This paper examines critically, in the light of the Italian and European case-law, the contents and the juridical arguments of a recent decision issued by the United Sections of the Italian Court of Cassation concerning the Crucifix controversy arisen in a State school. The judges established, on one hand, that the crucifix may be hung in a classroom upon demand of the students as it does not infringe the dissenting teacher’s freedom of conscience or of teaching, according to Lautsi ECHR decision (2011); on the other hand, the clash of values involved would need a reasonable accommodation which could require other religious symbols alongside the crucifix or its removal during the lessons of the dissenting teacher. Such a decision, according to the author, appears to be somewhat contradictory and ambiguous, and it does not resolve the case in a well-balanced way.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. La decisione (in sintesi): una soluzione subottimale - 3. Il ruolo determinante del principio supremo di laicità - 4. Laicità sostanziale, laicità procedurale, accomodamento ragionevole - 5. Discriminazione diretta e indiretta - 6. Conclusioni.

The crucifix ‘accommodated’. Considerations at first reading of the judgment no. 24414/2021 by the United Sections of the Italian Supreme Court of cassation

ABSTRACT: With decision no. 24414/2021 the United Sections of the Italian Supreme Court of cassation have provided an unprecedented solution to the issue of religious symbols in the classrooms of public schools. In this essay the author analyses the judgment, focusing in particular on three aspects: the relationship between the so-called ‘Italian principle of secularism’ and the reasonable accommodation; the existence or not of discrimination against the teacher who has been obliged to teach under the crucifix; the practical ways in which this ruling can become 'living law' in the Italian legal system.

SOMMARIO: 1. Quadro normativo - 2. Ragionevole accomodamento - 3. Procedimento e soluzioni - 4. Inconvenienti di fatto e prospettive - Appendice.

From the “crucifix of State” to the “crucifix of class” (note in margin of Cassation 2021 sept. 9, n. 24414).

ABSTRACT: The display of a crucifix in the classrooms is a request furniture by students. In case of dissent by other students or by teachers the headteacher has to search for a mediation, namely a reasonable accomodation, among the conflicting opinions.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduction - 2. The organisational structure of Mevlevi Islamic mysticism - 3. Mevlevi spirituality and religiosity - 4. The secular sphere and the laws of the market - 5. Conclusions.

Abstract: This article aims to provide as comprehensive a reading as possible of the organisation of socio-religious aggregation of contemporary Islamic mevlevism in Turkey. Starting from some classical notions of religion and spirituality (Simmel, Weber, Troeltsch) we examine the type of organisational structure of the Mevlevi order, the modus operandi, the internal relations between the followers, the role of the master taking into consideration the criterion of compromise, inclusiveness/exclusiveness and the transmission of charisma. Furthermore, the nature of Mevlevi spirituality, its organisational and moral principles, and the ecstatic practice of the sema is analysed. Finally, we analyse the relations of the Mevlevi orders with the population, some kinds of financing mechanisms, some forms of mediatisation and the marketing of some Mevlevi products. Finally, the order's interest and need to become part of religious tourism is analysed, encountering, however, conflicts, internal divisions and the non-legitimation needs of specific groups of believers.

SOMMARIO: 1. Gli interventi del presidente Macron del 2018 e la battaglia contro il “separatismo islamista” - 2. Il percorso del progetto di legge “confortant le respect des principes de la République” - 3. Struttura e principali contenuti della legge - 3.1. “Garantir le respect des principes de la République et des exigences minimales de la vie en société” - 3.2. “Garantir le libre exercice du culte” - 4. “Qualcosa di nuovo, anzi di antico”.

The French law 24th August 2021, no. 1109, “consolidating respect for the principles of the Republic”

ABSTRACT: In October 2020, President Emmanuel Macron announced his intention to sponsor a law opposing “Islamic separatism” in French society. Introduced in December 2020 by the Interior Minister Gérald Darmanin, the bill contains measures on neutrality of the public service, fight against online hatred, protection of civil servants (e.g. teachers) and several criminal provisions, which aim at repressing conducts denoting radicalism. The French Parliament passed the controversial law - it is sometimes described as going contrary to the liberal values of the Republic that it seeks to protect - on 23rd July 2021 and President Macron promulgated it on 24th August. The contribution provides an overview of the new law.

Il convegno, di cui la Rivista Stato, Chiese e pluralismo confessionale oggi pubblica le relazioni, prende le mosse da una riflessione nata all’interno dei contesti di ricerca specifici dei curatori. A vario titolo, abbiamo da anni seguito con attenzione il tema delle minoranze sotto molteplici aspetti: minoranze e diritti religiosi, conflitti tra libertà di espressione e libertà di religione, la tutela delle minoranze in Italia e negli ordinamenti giuridici degli stati europei. A partire da queste premesse, ci è parso opportuno organizzare un incontro che fosse dedicato a esaminare la situazione di alcuni gruppi religiosi di minoranza che sono giuridicamente e socialmente emarginati nella società italiana. Lo scopo del convegno è stato quello di valutare –attraverso un’analisi che prendesse in considerazione anche i profili storici, politici e sociologici del problema - la capacità del sistema giuridico italiano di includere i gruppi religiosi minoritari più piccoli e controversi e di discutere quali possano essere le migliori strategie per raggiungere questo obiettivo.

Religious minorities in Italy at the margins. Religious diversity in Italy between Law and Politics

ABSTRACT: The meeting aims at examining the situation of belief and religious minorities, which are at the margins of the Italian society and its legal system. Through an analysis, that also covers the historical, political and sociological profiles of the issue, speakers and participants will discuss how well the Italian legal system is able to respect and promote the rights of religious and belief organizations, including the smallest and newest ones. The debate will also put under scrutiny the capacity of the Italian legal system to include the smallest and most controversial religious minorities and the best strategies to achieve this goal.

Questo incontro nasce da un dato di fatto che è sotto i nostri occhi: in Italia non tutte le minoranze religiose sono uguali o, meglio, sono trattate nello stesso modo dall’ordinamento giuridico. Nel 1978 Giorgio Peyrot poteva definire le minoranze religiose in Italia un “coacervo anonimo degli indistinti”. Aveva ragione perché allora vi era una divisione netta tra la Chiesa cattolica da un lato, i cui rapporti con lo Stato italiano erano regolati dai Patti lateranensi, e tutte le altre comunità religiose dall’altro, che ricadevano sotto la disciplina della legge sui culti ammessi del 1929. Ora non è più così e continuare a parlare di maggioranza e minoranze religiose, come se esse fossero due blocchi monolitici, sarebbe fuorviante. All’interno di quello che era “il coacervo anonimo degli indistinti”, è necessario distinguere almeno due grandi gruppi di minoranze religiose, quelle incluse nel sistema giuridico italiano e quelle che invece ne restano ai margini e che nel titolo di questo incontro sono definite “le minoranze religiose escluse”.

Religious minorities escluded. A thematic introduction

ABSTRACT: In the contest of a wider pluralism of the Italian and of the European society at large, it is more and more necessary to try to guarantee an equal treatment to all religious minorities. But how to identify what a religious minority is? This paper points three possible ways and finally proposes a new possible tool to analyse the legal status of religious minorities in Europe.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Alle radici del pluralismo della disparità - 3. Le definizioni a contrario - 4. Le minoranze nel sentiero del principio di laicità - 5. Le minoranze religiose alle prese con il genus e la species della laicità - 6. La rilevanza legale delle minoranze religiose - 7. L’autonomia delle confessioni diverse - 8. Le diseconomie esterne del diritto comune delle intese - 9. Come ridurre le diseconomie esterne negative - 10. Conclusioni e prospettive.

The Legal Discipline of Minority Religions. The External Diseconomy of Italy’s Favor Religionis

ABSTRACT: This article analyses the State’s legal discipline regulating minority religions, which are part of the current religious pluralism in Italy. Pluralism is not new in the Italian context. Various minority religions have long been part of the national scene and often enjoyed a level of public consideration far superior compared to their numerical consistency. However, today in Italy there are religious organizations that, in the light of the traditional ex parte Ecclesiæ favor religionis and the method of state-church(es) relations, stress some difficulties of constitutional relevance. In particular, these difficulties have increasingly come to be seen in terms of “negative externalities”: while creating privileges for the Catholic Church and few minority denominations, it produces unreasonable discriminations against all other religions. That is particularly the case of legal status of “new” minority religious, made up mainly of immigrants.