Contenuti per la categoria: Laicità e pluralismo

SOMMARIO: 1. Breve premessa orientativa - 2. Verso dove convergere - 3. Il nuovo statuto della solidarietà - 4. Rinnovate pratiche di relazioni sociali: il laboratorio della libertà religiosa - 5. Socializzare i diritti/espandere le libertà - 6. Il test della libertà religiosa in tempi di Coronavirus - 7. Fare tesoro dell’esperienza, modulare le risposte, organizzare il futuro.

Religious freedom and the challenge of Covid-19. Legal asymmetries in the “state of emergency” and new opportunities for social actors

ABSTRACT: The essay develops some concrete, both legal and political, analyses concerning the relationship between the Covid-19 pandemic and the fundamental right of religious freedom. The "state of emergency" that came about and the consequent decisions taken by the government to contain the spread of the coronavirus, have put pressure on certain fundamental freedoms and rights of both individuals and social formations, including religious freedom - according to some, more compressed from the point of view of its practical expressions. The question arises of how much, in the mid-long term, such measures will affect the structure of relations between the State and religious confessions and, more generally, religiosity as a sentiment widespread at societal level.

1 - Nel tempo della pandemia l'attenzione di commentatori e studiosi si è concentrata sulle limitazioni al (diritto di riunirsi per finalità di) culto. Non sembra avere ricevuto lo stesso interesse un altro contagiato dal virus, ancor più a rischio perché malato cronico: l'esercizio della propaganda in contesto di effettivo pluralismo, sul quale grava il consueto silenzio. Il dramma che oggi tutti viviamo è favorevole a un racconto incline ad accentuare le componenti emotive dei messaggi veicolati, al fine di coinvolgere la platea più ampia di "spettatori". Trionfa così la rappresentazione, fortemente mediatizzata, delle immagini di maggior efficacia, da rendere iconiche per il loro impatto sinestetico: potenti strumenti di persuasione a svantaggio, in un circolo vizioso, delle fedi di minore "ascolto", più che mai senza voce. (segue)

Sommario: 1. Società democratica e simboli religiosi - 2. La delibera di Giunta e l’ordinanza del Tribunale. La delicata sovrapposizione delle esigenze di riconoscibilità e di identificazione - 3. La sentenza di secondo grado. Il primato assiologico della pubblica sicurezza - 4. Sicurezza percepita e insicurezza dei diritti - 5. Conclusioni.

The ʻAnti-veilʼ Ruling of Lombardy Executive Committee and the New Paradigm of Public Security

ABSTRACT: On 10 December 2015, Lombardy Executive Committee approved a ruling which forbids the access to some public facilities to people who wear types of clothing aimed at covering the face. This ruling, whose object is to prevent any dangers that could affect public security, risks to discriminate Muslim women who wear an integral veil for religious reasons. With a controversial judgement, the Milan Court of Appeal confirmed the legitimacy of the provision. Contrarily to the opinion of the Court, this essay aims at proving that the Regional ruling couldn’t effectively get through a proportionality test, given the excessive intensity of the prohibition. In addition, other doubts are risen by the meaning of public security expressed by the provision.

SOMMARIO: 1. La decretazione senza legge sul coronavirus - 2. Le disposizioni sulla libertà di culto - 3. Il limite della tutela della salute e l’inconferenza delle discipline pattizie - 4. Il bilanciamento delle specifiche misure - 5. Il rapporto laico tra Stato e confessioni religiose: un’icona.

The freedom of worship in coronavirus times

ABSTRACT: The state of emergency by coronavirus drove the italian government to legislate by means of decrees without law, that provided strong limits to constitutional rights as, among others, the freedom of worship. Particularly they banned masses coram populo in the churches and on occasion of funeral service in order to safeguard the health care. This paper aims to demonstrate that the Concordat beetween State and Church, well as the accords with other fellowships,  is another matter with regard to a higher collective interest, constitutionally protected, like the halth care. The paper points out, moreover, how the adopted measures are reasonable and proportionate and, finally, the new leadership, respecting the secular order, held in this aspect by the italian Church, following the prints of pope Francis.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le “nuove” obiezioni di coscienza nelle società multiculturali. Il rifiuto dell’obbligo vaccinale - 2. Religioni e vaccini - 3. La situazione negli altri Paesi, in particolare il caso degli USA - 4. L’obbligo vaccinale in Italia - 5. È configurabile il diritto all’obiezione di coscienza rispetto alle vaccinazioni obbligatorie?

The Refusal of Mandatory Vaccinations for Conscientious Reasons. A Comparative Overlook

ABSTRACT: The paper analyzes the possibility to design a new shape of conscientious objection : the refusal of mandatory vaccinations due to religious or ideological reasons. Some religions are against vaccines because of the ingredients they contain. In other cases the refusal to be vaccinated is based on the idea that only God can protect health. The legislatures of some Countries recognize the conscientious objection to mandatory vaccinations. The paper focuses the topic in a comparative perspective, paying attention to the italian and european context.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il Regolamento UE 2016/679 e i dati di natura religiosa: un nuovo percorso normativo da analizzare - 2. Dalla legge n. 675 del 1996 al d.lgs. n. 196 del 2003: l’affermarsi delle “autorizzazioni generali” per il trattamento dei dati sensibili da parte delle confessioni religiose - 3. Le novità introdotte dal Regolamento europeo n. 679 del 2016 per il trattamento dei dati di natura religiosa e il mancato riferimento alle “autorizzazioni generali” - 4. Il d.lgs. n. 101 del 2018 e l’adeguamento italiano alla normativa comunitaria del 2016: il recupero delle “autorizzazioni generali” - 5. Il ruolo del Garante e la conferma parziale della legittimità dell’autorizzazione generale n. 3 - 6. Un nuovo ruolo per i responsabili del trattamento dei dati di natura religiosa: privacy by design, compliance normativa e tutela dell’autonomia delle confessioni religiose.

General Authorizations to process of sensitive data by churches. Considerations on recent reforms in theme of privacy

ABSTRACT: The Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – so-called GDPR - has resulted in a significant reform of the Italian system for the protection of personal data and crystallized in Legislative Decree no. 196 of 30 June 2003. The GDPR, which focuses on principle of accountability and the concepts of privacy by design and privacy by default, has rethought, in particular, the category of data in which those of a religious nature were inserted basing their discipline on a general prohibition of treatment and provided that churches, associations or religious communities can dictate and apply their own internal legislation in this field, provided that it complies with the community provisions of the regulation. Before entry into force of the GDPR, the processing of religious data was mainly linked to the provision by the Guarantor Authority for the protection of personal data of a General Authorization - No. 3 - which allowed religious confessions to process the data of their members. This system has been questioned in part by the GDPR and then re-read by Legislative Decree no. 101/2018, which confirmed the value of the General Authorization n.3 in the framework of a peculiar system of guarantees.

Il carattere eccezionale della “circoscritta area”, in cui la Corte costituzionale ha affermato la non punibilità di chi aiuta al suicidio o, meglio, assiste una persona nel morire, risalta nitidamente al cospetto dell’assenza di limiti dell’area individuata allo stesso fine dal BundesVerfassungsGericht (BVG) con una sentenza pubblicata molto di recente. Benché perciò non sia possibile in questa sede il commento approfondito che la decisione meriterebbe, si possono prendere, tuttavia, almeno alcuni appunti comparativi. (segue)

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. Brief Remarks on the Notion of Halal - 3. The Interests at Stake in Halal Certification - 4. Actors and Instruments Involved in Halal Certification - 5. The Constitutional Regulation of the Religious Factor and Its Impact on Halal Certification - 6. Halal Italia and the 2010 Inter-Ministerial Convention - 7. Conclusion.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to examine the Italian experience with halal certification and, in particular, the case of Halal Italia. After some brief preliminary remarks on the notion of halal, I will examine the general context of halal certification, by focusing on the interests at stake and on the actors and instruments involved. Next, I will take into account the impact of the constitutional regulation of the religious factor on halal certification. Finally, my analysis will turn to the trademark Halal Italia and the 2010 Inter-Ministerial Convention.

SOMMARIO: 1. Prospettive - 2. Duplice dovere - 3. Questioni I - 4. Questioni II - 5. L’accesso visto da Strasburgo - 6. Poteri pubblici e spazi pubblici - 7. Accesso pluralistico: regola ed eccezione.

Public spaces and religion

ABSTRACT: The essay analyzes the legal issues related to the presence of religion in public spaces. The thesis is that it is necessary to consider the various issues (religious building, religious symbols in public buildings etc.) on the basis of the public character of the space. In this way it becomes possible: a) to compare the various issues; b) identify the tasks of public authorities, which must make spaces available to religion and must not discriminate access to spaces. However, there are exceptions to the rule necessary to protect children in classrooms.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il problema del conflitto di interessi nel diritto ecclesiastico dell’Italia repubblicana. - 2. Conflitto di interessi e finanziamento pubblico delle religioni. - 3. L’ombra del conflitto di interessi che accompagna nel suo cammino l’«invenzione» dell’otto per mille. - 4. Note di discussione.

Contradictions and unclarities of “otto per mille”: between public interest in an open pluralism and individual interests in the rigidity of the religious market

ABSTRACT: Religion, like politics and economics, risks fueling various forms of conflict of interest in the State. The constitutional choice to affirm a pluralist (or open) laicità aims precisely at avoiding and contrasting potential conflicts of interest caused by religious influences. The contradictions and the unclarities detected by several voices about the "otto per mille" economic support system could be read as indicators that Italy failed to implement a management of the public interest which should guarantee the exclusion of favoritism towards individual interests. The original fault of "otto per mille" system lies in the negotiated nature of the legislation that provides for it; the choice of a bilateral source makes clear the will of the State to operate, for purposes of its political consolidation, a substantial connection with the specific interests of some religious denominations in the acquisition and preservation of advantageous positions. It is therefore hoped an unilateral work of reform by the State, in particular the repeal of the fascist legislation about admitted cults and the promulgation of a general law on religious freedom.