Contenuti per la categoria: Diritto ecclesiastico (Storia del)

TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. Introduction - 2. The life and works of David Lazzaretti, the “Second Christ” from Arcidosso - 3. The ‘Prophet’ on the stand: the criminal trials in the State Courts - 4. Lazzaretti before the Tribunal of the Roman Holy Office - 5. Life after Death: Different interpretations of the Lazzaretti case - 6. The Prophet and the Alienists - 7. Conclusion: a prismatic figure.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to retrace a peculiar case occurred in the complex context of the decades after Italian Risorgimento and the Italian unification (1861). In particular, it will be analysed the case of David Lazzaretti a poor carter from Tuscany, self-proclaimed “Christ, Duce, Judge” and “the Second Son of God come to earth”, considered a heretic and excommunicated from the Catholic Church due his blasphemous writing. He founded the “Giurisdavidic Church” based on a sort of mystical and utopian socialism (his motto was: “The Republic is the kingdom of God”). His figure has given rise to lively controversy between those who considered him a martyr and who reputed him a mad visionary or a charlatan. In any case, Lazzaretti’s movements are emphasized above all for his tragic end: on the morning of August 18, 1878, while he was driving a peaceful procession from Monte Labbro to Arcidosso, a little town in Tuscany, he was killed by Italian carabinieri during a religious ceremony. After his death, medical science and in particular positivist psychiatry, also called “alienists”, described Lazzaretti not as a sacrilegious impostor but as a mentally ill person, who would have benefitted more from treatment than prosecution.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. L’esperienza “classica”: Atene - 3. L’esperienza “classica”: Roma - 4. Il IV secolo fra continuità e rotture.

Heterodoxy and religious minorities. Late Antiquity, at the end of a long journey

ABSTRACT: This paper aims to encourage some reflections on the issue of the origins of religious intolerance and on the issues related to the treatment of minorities in Greek and Roman antiquity. In particular, a significant moment in this affair, destined to have prolonged effects, is constituted by the anti-Jewish revolts in Alexandria, in the mid-first century. A.D.

SOMMARIO: 1. Panizza, un suddito infedele - 2. Scalpori e processi - 3. La pietra dello scandalo - 4. Un “teologo [...] eretico pittore di immagini sacre” - 5. Una scelta [quasi] obbligata - 6. Una foresta di simboli performativi - 7. Ordine religioso e ordine politico: l’ecosistema del processo - 8. Un “martire” a processo - 9. Martedì 30 aprile 1895, ore 19: la condanna - 10. Panizza sulla censura - 11. Morale religiosa come morale sessuale - 12. Manicomio, prigione, fuga - 13. “Un uomo fuori dal mondo”: ontologia di un blasfemo - 14. Istituzioni che succhiano il sangue.

The broken mirror of Liebeskonzil: a case of blasphemy in the Wilhelminian Empire

ABSTRACT: In 1895, due to the publication of the play Liebeskonzil, the writer Oskar Panizza was sentenced to one year imprisonment for blasphemy. Starting with such exemplary conviction, the essay reconstructs some aspects of the writer's existential and creative path, treating his vitriolic satires of religion as an access key to the political and social situation during the Wilhelminian Empire, where press laws and targeted use of crimes such as lèse majesté, obscenity and profanity, highlight the tenacity of Government, right-wing parties and Catholic Centre Party in pursuing the common purpose of silencing the opponents of the status quo.

SOMMARIO: 1. La legge sul divorzio e la sua conferma nel referendum del 1974 – 2. La riforma del diritto di famiglia: legge 19 maggio 1975, n. 151 - 3. Bibliografia.

SUMMARY: 1. Scholar challenges and epistemological pitfalls - 2. Traditional Muslim hermeneutics and the development of schools of Jurisprudence - 3. Jurist’s authority and ruler’s governance from a comparative perspective - 4. Muslim legal tradition of plural jurisdictions - 5. The open scholar question of reciprocal legal influences with other juridical systems - 6. Conclusive remarks.

ABSTRACT: This article analyzes several open scholar debates regarding the Muslim legal system, from the conventional narrative of its formation and the triumph of the Traditionalist movement to the disputed question of reciprocal legal influences with other religious and secular juridical systems. This research tries to avoid two epistemological risks: first, the dangers of a simplistic binary debate like traditionalists v. revisionists, religious v. secular, or even Sunnis v. Shiite reducing the analysis to an ideologically polarized and ineffective dispute; and second, the improper use of juridical neologisms applied to the Islamic legal system, mainly from codified European continental law and English common law as a result of the Orientalist, colonialist, and secularist mentalities that, instead clarification create confusion. From a hermeneutical point of view, two characteristics to keep in mind: 1) the notion of divine law and its legal implications; and 2) the relationship between law and theology that is not correlative to the connection between secular legislation and ideology. From a comparative point of view, three challenging questions to address: 1) the distinction between Usul al-fiqh and Usul al-qanun often blurred in practice showing the complexities of the relationship among religious, legal, and political structures under Muslim ruling; 2) the intertwined relationship among Sharia, fiqh, and siyasa with pre-Islamic administrative, legal, and judicial traditions; 3) Jurisdictional pluralism in the Islamic legal practice concerning non-Muslim minorities.

Venerdì 24 luglio 2020 la Turchia, o meglio il suo premier Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, ha riaperto al culto islamico il simbolo stesso di Istanbul rappresentato dal complesso monumentale di Santa Sofia. Una vicenda triste per la civiltà, che vede un gioiello artistico di valore universale piegato al nazionalismo religioso. Per la verità l’edificio non è nuovo ai cambi d’uso, come non lo sono altri manufatti di pregio che hanno attraversato i secoli, ma in questo caso non si tratta di un nuovo utilizzo ma di un ritorno al tempo della dominazione ottomana.  Tuttavia, questo non è un ritorno alle origini, perché - come sappiamo - Santa Sofia, costruita per l’imperatore Giustiniano in soli cinque anni dal 532 al 537, è considerata il capolavoro della nuova architettura basilicale bizantina quale espressione della “romanità cristiana e universale della cultura giustinianea”.

Cardinal Gasparri, Francesco Saverio Nitti and the basilica of Hagia Sophia

In reference to the current events that see the return to the destination for Islamic worship of the ancient Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, a Vatican document of the years immediately after the First World War is recalled which presents positions opposite to those prevalent today.

SOMMARIO: 1 - Introduzione - 2. Il quadro pluralistico dell’ebraismo diasporico e delle sue organizzazioni - 3. Peculiarità dell’organizzazione dell’ebraismo italiano - 4. Pluralismo interno e tensioni nel contesto unitario delle Comunità - 5. Le origini storiche del peculiare assetto organizzativo dell’ebraismo italiano: l’assenza del movimento riformato in Italia e la normativa statualistica del 1930-31 - 6. La struttura unitaria e l’adesione delle Comunità all’ortodossia nello Statuto e nell’Intesa - 7. Conclusioni: la necessaria conciliazione tra pluralismo e unitarietà tra le varie anime dell’ebraismo italiano.

The Union of Italian Jewish Communities between adherence to Orthodox Judaism and representation of all Jew in Italy: Is the constitutional Agreement of 1987 with the Italian State still adequate?

ABSTRACT: Relations between Italian Judaism and the Italian State are governed legally by the Agreement (“Intesa”) concluded in 1987 pursuant to Article 8 of the Italian Constitution, enforced by Law No. 101 of 1989.The organization of the Italian Jewish communities and their central “Union” is governed by the By-Laws (“Statuto”) adopted by them at that time, which reflect the Intesa. In conformity also with the tradition of Italian Judaism local communities take care of all Jewish activities, religious, social or educational, and the Unione officially represents all Jews and Jewish groups. Since 1987 however, there has been an explosion of various Jewish groups and denominations in Italy, from the Lubavitch to Reformed groups, which organize themselves autonomously. These groups considers themselves part of Italian Judaism and recognize more or less the central role of the local communities and Unione. However they increasingly ask a say in the latter management.. The issue discussed in the paper is whether the unitary structure of Italian Judaism, as enshrined in Intesa and recognized by Italian public authorities, is still adequate to cope with this evolution, and whether a plurality of independent Jewish organizations, separately recognized by Italian authorities would be compatible with Article 8 of the Constitution and preferable in practice.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa. La morte di Piero Calamandrei (27 settembre 1956) e il suo funerale - 2. L’oggetto del giudizio della Corte costituzionale. La sentenza della Corte costituzionale del n. 1 del 23 aprile 1956 - 3. 7 aprile 1957 : la relazione di Paolo Barile nel convegno degli Amici del Mondo su Stato e Chiesa in Italia al teatro Eliseo di Roma - 4. Le sentenze della Corte costituzionale nn. 30, 31 e 32 del 1971: il parametro della tutela dei principi supremi dell’ordinamento costituzionale italiano. Il principio costituzionale di eguaglianza non è un principio supremo dell’ordinamento costituzionale? - 5. Il convegno di Siena dal 30 novembre al 2 dicembre 1972. Due mondi diversi? - 6. La sentenza n. 195 del 1972 sul caso Cordero. Professori delle università cattoliche senza garanzie di rispetto della loro libertà di insegnamento? - 7. La sentenza n. 18 del 1982: un giudice e un giudizio pur sempre ci sono (?) - 8. La sentenza n. 203 del 1989. Insegnamenti diversi per bambini e ragazzi “credenti” cattolici e “non credenti”? - 9. Fu vera gloria? No, essa fu accolta in una parte del mondo della scuola con la dolorosa sensazione che si prova quando si è vittima di un inganno.

Cunning and ambiguity in constitutional jurisprudence on religious matters

ABSTRACT: A journey to Florence for the funeral of Piero Calamandrei (September 27, 1956). A project for a secular and democratic Italy: dreams, hopes, illusions and disappointments. Religion jurisprudence in the decisions of the Constitutional Court no. 1 of 1956, 30, 31 and 32 of 1971, 195 of 1972, 18 of 182, 203 of 1989. The judicial remedy in school matters and the academic disappointment for a constitutional decision that introduced the supreme principle of secularism but at the same time confirmed as compliant to the Constitution the coexistence, in public schools, of separate classes for believers (in the catholic religion) and nonbelievers.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Revisionismo storico involontario - 3. Altri tempi - 4. L’art. 5 del Concordato - 5. La vicenda di Ernesto Buonaiuti - 6. La sua intransigenza morale - 7. Passato e presente - 8. Favor religionis - 9. Il sistema delle intese - 10. Il risveglio delle vecchie intolleranze.

1929: Freedom denied

ABSTRACT: This paper turns around the case and the figure of Ernesto Buonaiuti. We would like to show how the Lateran Pacts of 1929 had been signed in an atmosphere in which both sides, fascism and the  Catholic Church, denied freedom of conscience.

SOMMARIO: 1. L’avvio del pontificato di Benedetto XV e il nuovo corso vaticano - 2. Il nodo irrisolto della questione romana - 3. Il problema della condizione giuridica della Santa Sede alla luce della legge n. 214 del 1871 - 4. La “Grande Guerra” e le sue ricadute sulle relazioni tra l’Italia e la Sede Apostolica - 5. Il conflitto europeo come possibile occasione per la riproposizione della questione romana. L’interesse vaticano per una “internazionalizzazione” della medesima - 6. L’azione della Santa Sede in campo internazionale negli anni del conflitto, tra imparzialità e attivismo diplomatico - 7. L’oscillazione, nei primi anni della guerra, delle posizioni vaticane sulla via da seguire per la soluzione della questione romana e la “svolta conciliatorista” di Benedetto XV - 8. La (ritenuta) maggiore affidabilità della soluzione interna. L’imprescindibilità di una soluzione territoriale come base di partenza nelle trattative con il Governo italiano - 9. L’azione per la pace di Benedetto XV e le sue connessioni con l’interesse per una soluzione della questione romana - 10. La posizione italiana. I rapporti tra il Regio Governo e la Santa Sede negli anni del conflitto - 11. Propositi e tentativi di soluzione della questione romana durante il periodo bellico. Dalle proposte germaniche ai progetti vaticani. Lo schema di Trattato fra la Santa Sede e l’Italia del marzo 1917 - 12. Il fallimento del tentativo pontificio di legare le vicende del conflitto con quelle relative alla soluzione della questione romana. L’impossibilità di addivenire a una sistemazione dei rapporti fra le parti nel corso della guerra e al termine della medesima - 13. “Non tutto fu inutile”: Benedetto XV e la strada aperta per la Conciliazione.

Benedict XV, the Kingdom of Italy, the "Great War". The Roman Question in the years of the First World War

ABSTRACT: The paper analyses the role of Pope Benedict XV during the First World War: his political and humanitarian positions, his renewed conception of relations with the Kingdom of Italy, above all his attitude towards the definitive solution of the Roman Question. More in detail, it explains the operations of Vatican diplomacy to put an end to the anomalous position of the Holy See, deprived of the needed surietes and signs of independence of human powers due to the so-called Law of Guarantees (dated May 13, 1871), as well as the reasons of the failure of this action during the Great War and after its end. However, it concludes considering the long-term positive consequences of this action, which can be considered the first phase of that process of revision of the ecclesiastical legislation of the Kingdom of Italy which would then culminate, over a decade after the end of the Great War, in the stipulation of the Lateran Pacts of 1929.