Contenuti per la categoria: Diritto ecclesiastico (Storia del)

Ideal and material public order: what religious freedom? 

ABSTRACT: I limiti al diritto di libertà religiosa, sia impliciti sia espliciti, hanno subito nel tempo metamorfosi decisive che evidenziano il mutato rilievo assunto, negli anni, dai diversi interessi sottesi. L’ordine pubblico ideale, tutelato dal legislatore fascista, era ben diverso dall’ordine pubblico materiale, che finisce per coincidere con il bene - sicurezza presente in alcune norme costituzionali come limite alle libertà. Grande importanza, nel definire il perimetro del limite, è valutare la soglia dell’intervento restrittivo da parte dell’ordinamento. Qualora questa sia molto anticipata sarebbe inevitabile un ritorno verso l’idealità del bene protetto quale limite alla libertà.

ABSTRACT: The limits to the right to religious freedom, both implicit and explicit, have undergone numerous transformations over time. This evolution reflects the changing significance attributed, over the years, to the various interests underlying these restrictions. The concept of ideal public order, safeguarded by the Fascist legislature, contrasts sharply with the material public order, which is the focus of certain criminal provisions. The latter aligns closely with the notion of security, identified in some constitutional norms as a limitation on freedom. In delineating the boundaries of these limits, particular attention must be paid to evaluating the threshold at which the legal system intervenes restrictively. Premature restrictions risk reverting to an idealized interpretation of public order as a constraint on individual freedom.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione: i limiti al diritto di libertà religiosa nei lavori preparatori alla Carta costituzionale - 2. Dall’ordine pubblico ideale all’ordine pubblico materiale: il nodo della soglia di intervento dello Stato - 3. Brevi conclusioni: la richiesta di specifici elementi da cui evincere la necessità della tutela (nella giurisprudenza della CEDU).

By law or by statute. Belonging and autonomy in the legal experience of contemporary Italian Judaism 

ABSTRACT. The essay retraces the salient passages of the juridical condition of the Jews of Italy, from the second emancipation (1848) onwards, around the pivotal principles of community autonomy and individual belonging, which during the different eras - liberal, fascist, republican - have taken on different normative qualifications and consequent historical meanings. The historical perspective thus illustrates the unique and paradigmatic character of the Jewish case for the tension that has gradually been established between institutional reasons and individual demands, between the 'necessity' of the community and the 'freedom' of the Jews. From the reconstruction it emerges how, in the different moments, the initiative of the minority prevailed over the action of the State, mostly called upon to acknowledge the requests and solicitations of the Jewish leadership.

SOMMARIO - 1. Premessa - 2. Tra emancipazione e tradizione. Modelli comunitari in età liberale - 3. Dal Consorzio delle Università israelitiche alla legge del 1930 - 4. L’autonomia confessionale. L’intesa con lo Stato e lo statuto dell’Unione delle Comunità ebraiche del 1987 - 5. Cenni conclusivi.

"The pessimism of my book". Carl Einstein in the first blasphemy trial of the Weimar Republic

ABSTRACT: The conviction for blasphemy imposed in 1922 on the writer Carl Einstein for the comedy Die schlimme Botschaft provides us with the opportunity of using the debate on crimes against religion to reflect on the epochal transition from the Wilhelminian Empire to the Weimar Republic. A picture emerges marked by strong contradictions, which manifest themselves also in violent street clashes and innumerable political murders, highlighting that the change of regime and the promulgation of the Constitution were not enough to overcome the profound resistance of a strongly conservative culture, still deeply rooted in the administration, judiciary and army leaders.

SOMMARIO: 1. Un triste anniversario - 2. La blasfemia: un dibattito ‘ponte’ tra primo e secondo Reich - 3. Il riformismo di Kahl e la tregua tra classici e moderni - 4. Dall’abrogazionismo militante di Thümmel alla conservazione di Moser - 5. La vexata quaestio del bene giuridico - 6. L’insuccesso dei progetti di riforma - 7. La formazione critica di Einstein tra poetica e politica - 8. Primitivo, immediato, proletario - 9. Dalla rivolta alla rinuncia - 10. Sanguinosamente serio - 11. Rassegnazione e blasfemia: La cattiva novella - 12. Verso il processo - 13. Un procedimento ‘per sentito dire’ - 14. La parola all’imputato: “Dio ridotto in articoli” - 15. “Invecchiati troppo in fretta”

The origins of the idea of Russkij mir 

ABSTRACT: The doctrine of Russkij mir is the result of a long historical process marked by the progressive distancing of Russian Orthodoxy from Constantinople with the refusal of the Grand Prince of Moscow to accept the decisions of the Council of Florence. In the space of a few years, the metropolis of Moscow proclaimed its de facto autocephaly and the bond of subordination of the Sacerdotium to the Imperium was strengthened, especially starting from the Council of 1503 which saw the monastic current led by Iosif of Volokolamsk, who stated a close bond between Church and sovereign. prevail on that represented by Nil Sorsky, who supported the independence of the Church from civil power. At the beginning of the 16th century, the monk Filofej from the Pskov region enunciated the theory of the Moscow third Rome and the transfer of the imperial capital from Constantinople to Moscow. Since then the symphonic relationship between Church and Empire has been upset, no longer signifying the harmonious collaboration between them, but the prevalence of civil power over religious power, which will culminate in 1721 with Peter the Great's decision to abolish the Patriarchate established in 1589. From then on the history of the Church will be that of the State. With the end of Bolshevism which marked the full subjugation of the Church, a new symphony was reconstituted between civil and religious power: the latter provides the former with the theological justification for the affirmation of Russkij mir, or the obsessive claim to also impose manu military the hegemony of Moscow and the supremacy of its Orthodoxy as the only way to eliminate Evil and impose Good in the reconstituted great Empire of Russia.

Current Law and Religion

ABSTRACT: Current Law and Religion, rethought as a subsector of public law having as its object the freedom of the religious dimension of the personality, variously posed - even ir-religious or a-religious -, is able to counter the power of the majorities but also of the totalizing tendency religious minorities. And it facilitates the jurisdiction in seeking a "reasonable accommodation".

SOMMARIO: 1. Le fonti non rinnovate - 2. L’affievolimento del dualismo e del bilateralismo - 3. Il diritto ecclesiastico attuale come diritto pubblico delle religioni - 4. Contro le maggioranze ma anche le minoranze di potere - 5. Il confronto con la giurisdizione.

Algunas impresiones personales en torno a la evolución de la asignatura del Derecho Eclesiástico del Estado en las últimas décadas

Some remarks on the development of the subject of Law and Religion in Spanish legal studies

ABSTRACT: These remarks take as their initial pretext the recent publication of an academic work offering a retrospective view of the development of the subject of Law and Religion in Spanish universities which, in the author's opinion, is deeply biased and therefore gives a distorted image of both the current situation of this discipline in our legal studies and its future expectations. Against this, the author offers here his own personal impressions on the subject.

ABSTRACT: The article offers a careful analysis on the way the end of the USSR and the growth of the Orthodox presence in the European Union have challenged the concept of canonical territory. In the West, this has produced a phenomenon of the territorialization of the exercise of religious freedom. It is examined how the potential access to the EU of Ukraine, Moldova, Albania and Northern Macedonia will influence the relevance of these Churches in the relations that the Union maintains with them in application of art. 17 TFUE. Indeed, this relation is strengthened by the great consistency of the Orthodox diaspora in the West and by the development and growth of Eparchies abroad, created by the respective national Churches. Therefore, it is appropriate to reflect on the need for identifying self-preservation of all religions and in particular of the Orthodox one, in order to guarantee the balance and orderly development of the Union's institutional political system in a relationship compatible with the needs of separation and secularism of the States. Two key factors are the political crisis of the USSR and the granting of autocephaly to the ecclesiastical communities operating in the states which had become sovereign: this has weakened the Moscow Patriarchate and its role in the Orthodox ecumenical system; at the same time, the ecumenical patriarchate, which claims its exclusive right to grant autocephaly, has proceeded to “contractualize” the nature of his primacy through the structure of the Tomas.

Fifty years after the conference in which Law and Religion Scholars held a dialogue with Constitutional Scholars in Siena, central issues of that discussion are recalled, and those of a future debate are envisaged, with the hope that both disciplines might benefit from it.

Fifty years after the conference in which Law and Religion Scholars held a dialogue with Constitutional Scholars in Siena, central issues of that discussion are recalled, and those of a future debate are envisaged, with the hope that both disciplines might benefit from it.

The long road after WWII until today (1944-2023): from the reinstatement of the rights denied to Jews victim of the racist laws of fascist Italy to recovering the Memory of the Holocaust to fight against prejudice and antisemitism

ABSTRACT: This paper who served as a basis of the author’s speech at the official remembrance of the Holocaust at the residence of the President of the Republic of Italy (Quirinale palace) on 27 January 2023 examines the various phases of this process. First from 1944 to the mid-1980 the key element is the enactment of more that 90 pieces of legislation abrogating the antisemitic laws of 1938-45 and granting some compensation to the victims. In a second phase (until the end of the XX century) Judaism is recognized as religious entity with parity of rights as compared with the Catholic Church (the Agreement - “Intesa” - between the Italian State and the Union of Italian Jewish Communities of 1987) thus empowering Judaism in Italy to be an active and distinct contributor to Italy’s society. In that period the “Mancino law” of 1993 enacts criminal provisions to fight racism in Italy more effectively. The last phase from 2000 until to-day, witnesses, after the official recognition of the “Holocaust Remembrance Day” each 27 January (“Giorno della Memoria”) witnesses an engagement of Italian institutions to fight antisemitism through education and cultural initiatives.

SOMMARIO: 1. La reintegrazione nei diritti negati: un processo lungo e faticoso (1944-1987) - 2. Dal completamento del disegno costituzionale con l’intesa tra Stato e Comunità ebraiche (1987-89) alla repressione del razzismo con la “legge Mancino” (1993) - 3. La riflessione sulla Shoah quale insegnamento per l’oggi: il Giorno della Memoria (2000) - 4. La strategia europea contro le discriminazioni e l’antisemitismo: protezione ed educazione - 5. La strategia e le iniziative italiane - 6. In conclusione.