SOMMAIRE: 1. Introduction – 2. Le contexte factuel et les questions préjudicielles – 3. La réponse apportée par la Cour de justice – 4. La Convention de Genève cède la place à la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme.
SOMMARIO: 1. Obiezione di coscienza e aborto fra diritti riconosciuti e negati in attuazione della legge n. 194 del 1978. - 2. La Chiesa cattolica di fronte alla soppressione del concepito: foro interno e peccato. - 3. (segue) … foro esterno e delitto. - 4. Apparenti (?) divergenze di opinione tra Chiesa universale e locale di fronte all'aborto di una “madre-bambina”. - 5. (segue) … il diritto alla vita: una legge naturale obiettiva non derogabile in sede civile.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa – 2. La costituzione di organizzazioni sindacali di ministri di culto e laici appartenenti alla BOR - 3. Il riconoscimento della personalità giuridica civile al “Sindicatul Pǎstorul cel Bun”- 4. La questione davanti alla Corte EDU: la preminenza del diritto alla tutela attraverso l’azione sindacale - 5. La Corte EDU e l’esistenza di un “besoin social impérieux” - 6. La risposta della Chiesa ortodossa romena alla sentenza CEDU e l’appello alla Grand Chambre - 7. Alcune considerazioni conclusive.
The exercise of trade-union activity of ministers of religion in the Ortodox Rumenian Church
ABSTRACT: The paper analyses the decision of the EDU Court on lack of recognition of the civil corporate status to the “Sindicatul Pǎstorul cel Bun” formed by ministers of religion and laics of the BOR. This decision was appealed before the Grand Chambre of the Romenian State. In this perspective the debate around the development of the situation within the BOR in relation to what is established by the Romanian law is studied, posing the accent on ecclesiological as well as juridical aspects of the problem. Though without omitting to analyse the labor law aspect of the dispute, the A. offers elements of consideration on the connection between the decision of the EDU Court and art. 8 of the Convention on Human Rights, in relation to the protection of religious denominations autonomy and their right to auto-organization. The paper ends up with considerations on the possibility of juridical systems to impose religious denominations organizations elements of democracy, without violating the principles of autonomy, separation and secularity.
SOMMARIO: 1. Limits to free speech, incitement to hatred and a “third case” - 2. UN Resolutions on Defamation of Religions (1999 – 2010). The role of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation - 3. Recognizing values and rights in the defamation of religions discourse - 4. The interplay between racial and religious offences and its effect on limitations to free speech - 5. Balancing freedom of expression and freedom of religion in the work of the UN Human Rights Committee - 6. Concluding Remarks.
Freedom of religion, freedom of expression and the United Nations: recognizing values and rights in the “defamation of religions” discourse
ABSTRACT: The article focuses on the issue of religious freedom and freedom of expression from the point of view of the United Nations. In particular, it examines the so called Defamation of religions, which has been the topic of a series of Resolutions voted by the Human Rights Commission, the Human Rights Council and the Assembly General, from 1999 to 2010. In the Defamation of religions debate, the UN institutions appear to tend to highlight the conflict between rights rather than the positive interrelation between them. Nonetheless, it has been repeatedly argued that it should be possible for political institutions and religious majorities to use anti-defamatory legislation in order to stem the activities of religious minorities. Applying penal anti-defamation laws might not be the best way to deal with the potential conflict between two fundamental rights. The more recent trends show a shift toward what seems to be a more suitable accommodation of the interests at stake. In this regard, the article will consider the Human Rights Council’s Resolution about discrimination on religious grounds (2011), the Ad Hoc Committee on Complementary Standards to the ICERD and the new General Comment on article 19 of the ICCPR.
SOMMARIO: Directive 2004/83/CE – Normes minimales relatives aux conditions que doivent remplir les ressortissants des pays tiers ou les apatrides pour pouvoir prétendre au statut de réfugié – Conditions de l’octroi du statut de réfugié – Article 9 – Notion d’ «actes de persécution» – Existence d’une crainte fondée d’être persécuté – Atteinte grave à la liberté de religion – Ressortissants pakistanais membres de la communauté religieuse Ahmadiyya – Actes des autorités pakistanaises visant à limiter le droit de manifester sa religion en public.
SOMMARIO: 1. Libertà religiosa e libertà di educazione: note preliminari – 2. Consiglio d’Europa ed Unione Europea: la salvaguardia dei diritti dell’uomo e delle libertà fondamentali – 3. La Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo – 4. La funzione interpretativa della Corte nel diritto interno. In particolare, quale fonte integratrice del parametro interposto di costituzionalità ex art. 117, comma 1° Cost. – 5. Educazione e religione nella giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo. I rapporti familiari – 6. Libertà religiosa e libertà di educazione nel prisma della struttura scolastica. Le scuole confessionalmente orientate – 7. Gli insegnamenti obbligatori di religione – 8. I simboli religiosi – 9. In particolare, la “questione” del crocifisso (caso Lautsi c. Italia) – 10. Sintesi conclusiva.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of the paper consists in examining the cases submitted to the European Court of Human Rights in which religious freedom (art. 9 of European Convention of Human Rights) is, in a specific way, related to the right to education (art. 1 of Protocol 1). The fields where arise most important problems are as follows: family relationship, denominational Schools, compulsory denominational (confessional) instruction in Schools, religious symbols in State Schools. From the latest judgments at Strasbourg Court, it seems to emerge a new perspective of the principle of laicità, clearly open to social pluralism. As the Court stated concerning educative pluralism: “the possibility of pluralism in education […] is essential for the preservation of the “democratic society” as conceived by the Convention”.
SOMMARIO: 1. Cattolici e appartenenza religiosa - 2. Cattolici e politica - 3. Il cattolicesimo democratico – 4. Cattolici e libertà di coscienza – 5. Amare le contraddizioni.
ABSTRACT: The reality of the Italian Catholicism presents itself contradictory about religious belonging, relation between faith and policy, relation between faith and culture. The object of the work is to reconstruct the essential elements of this question and to verify the compatibilities of some positions of the progressist Catholicism as regards present orientations of the ecclesiastic authority.
SOMMAIRE: 1. Introduction – 2. Un abandon européen partiel des clefs de l’espace public – 2.a. L’espace public sous l’emprise apparente des contraintes de conventionalité – 2.b. L’espace public sous le sceau d’une large marge nationale d’appréciation – 3. Le verrouillage axiologique de l’espace public par l’opinion majoritaire – 3.a. La désactivation et l’omission de présupposés favorables à la liberté d’expression – 3.b. Un contrôle européen restreint, perclus de contradictions et de paradoxes – 4. Conclusions.
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SOMMARIO: 1. Le diverse soglie della laicità – 2. Prevalenza della libertà sulla laicità: i presupposti sistematici – 3. I parametri della relatività – 4. Alcune prospettive per lo studio del diritto ecclesiastico.
The Principle of Secularism (laicità) “in Progress”. General Conclusion
ABSTRACT: Like the previous national meetings, from the sessions of this Conference one may appreciate the worthwhile link between the academic-scientific experience and the juridical-jurisprudential experience. The homogeneity of contents (as revealed by the academic doctrine) together with the relativity of substantial values (strictly related to the conceptions of liberty, secularism and equality) is not necessary due to be translated into different models of State-religions relationship. The concrete use of normative systems is a clear example of that. These are in fact results that emerge from both the public relevance of religious phenomena and the outcomes given by the overview of legislative works; as the main Italian scholars have already underlined at the national and international level, including the European area.
SOMMARIO. 1. Multiculturalità e compatibilità ordinamentali. - 2. Abbigliamento e prescrizioni religiose: i simboli dei Sikh.- 3. La questione del velo islamico. - 4. La giurisprudenza europea e il velo islamico. - 5. Il burqa e la specificità del problema. - 6. Le normative nazionali e il burqa. - 7. Orientamenti delle istituzioni europee. - 8. Normativa applicabile e prospettive future in Italia.