Contenuti per la categoria: Finanza, economia e religione

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Sharia compliant - 3. Murabah - 4. Ijaraha - 5. Istisna’a - 6. Sukuk - 7. Conclusioni.

Islamic finance compatibility with the Italian legislation

ABSTRACT: Some verses of Allah that were revealed to the Prophet Mohammad in Quran were regarding economic issues. Further they were enriched in the legal framework of reference by other sources of Islamic law “Sharia” like; the Hadith (the sayings of the Prophet transmitted first orally and then transcribed), the Sunna (the tradition dictated by the words and actions of the prophet and the remembrance of the prophet statements by his first followers), and finally of Fiqh that is the Islamic jurisprudence dictated by the doctrinal interpretation of the various juridical schools. Islamic finance products which are derived from Sharia based on religious principles are very compatible with the system of traditional financial products, except for some ethical (excluded by the Sharia supervisory board) and fiscal (to avoid double taxation measures of some Islamic finance transactions), which could enhance the market attaractiveness prespective. The present study aims to investigate and identify the regulatory changes that can be implemented in the Italian legislations to make them compatible with the applicability of the typical Islamic financial contracts.

Prendo spunto per iniziare il mio intervento citando il punto n. 19 del documento Oeconomicae et Pecuniariae Quaestiones (d’ora in poi, “OPQ”): “La sanità del sistema, del mercato finanziario dipende dalla sanità delle singole persone e dalle singole azioni che vi vengono attuate”. Le mie riflessioni partono dall’essere in primis cristiano e cattolico, e poi dall’essere un professionista che lavora in una determinata realtà bancaria, e che partecipa al Comitato di Presidenza dell’Associazione Bancaria Italiana, l’ABI, con deleghe sulla Corporate Social Responsibility e sull’Innovazione tecnologica. (segue)

SOMMARIO: 1. Il diritto di libertà religiosa tra rendicontazione sui diritti umani e Responsabilità Sociale d’Impresa - 2. Libertà religiosa, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights e RSI - 3. Libertà religiosa e standard nazionali: brevi osservazioni sul Piano d’Azione Nazionale (PAN) 2014-2016 sulla Responsabilità Sociale d’Impresa e 2016-2021 su Impresa e Diritti Umani - 4. Valori religiosi e valori laici nella Responsabilità Sociale d’Impresa - 5. Dall’RSI all’accountability: la rendicontazione sui diritti umani negli enti religiosi ETS e nell’Impresa sociale.

Religious freedom and Corporate Social Responsibility

ABSTRACT: International standards on Business and Human Rights and on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) define a system of rules currently in use to combat human rights violations in contemporary industrial societies. On the basis of these rules, governments adopt the so-called National Action Plans (NAPs), which also Italy has recently adopted. In this context, the protection of religious freedom plays a fundamental role as part of the range of needs of modern intercultural societies. This paper in this respect is divided into two parts. The first part investigates the role of religious freedom in international standards on Business and human rights and in the NAPs, paid attention to the Italian National Action Plans. The second part on the other hand, deals with the theme of accountability on human rights in the Italian non-profit area. In this context, the processes of accountability also involve entities who operate by expressing a certain tendency or religious aims. These entities can have a specific interest in the accountability on human rights because through the adherence to the so-called systems of Non-Financial Reporting (NFR) clearly reaffirm the values of the religious cultures of which they are the direct expression.

SOMMARIO 1. Introduction - 2. Premise - 3. Ancient history - 4. Roman law - 5. Aquinas and Canon law - 6. 16th Century: Protestantism and the mercantile era - 7. 17th century: Jusnaturalism - 8. 18th century and 19th centuries: industrialization and capitalism - 9. The prohibition of riba - 10. Similarities between the sharia prescriptions and the ancient Jewish ones - 11. Riba and its recent openings - 12. Riba prohibition in the twentieth century and the sharia-compliant financial instruments - 13. Solutions - 14. Islamic Finance - 15. Conclusions.

ABSTRACT: The article addresses the theme of usury taking into account various viewpoints and traditions, pausing in particular on the Western and Islamic notions of lending at interest, in order to outline its distinctive features in the present days as well as throughout its historical evolution. The author applies a comparative research method, examining both the differences and similarities between the Western and Muslim concept of usury so to present an accurate picture of the phenomenon. In fact, the article aims at answering the latest questions concerning the possibility for the Muslim model to be a valuable resource in overcoming the keep going financial crisis.

Il 28 settembre 2018, presso l’Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, si è tenuto un convegno internazionale co-finanziato dall’Unione Europea, che ha visto la partecipazione di giovani studiosi delle più diverse discipline giuridiche, italiani e stranieri. I relatori, selezionati in seguito ad una “call for papers”, cui è stata data ampia pubblicità in Italia e all’estero, si sono confrontati sul tema del pluralismo religioso nel sistema europeo e, soprattutto, nella recente giurisprudenza delle Corti sovranazionali. (continua)

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa. Specificità dell’ente ecclesiastico e diritto comune - 2. Lo scopo di religione o di culto. Finalità canoniche e finalità “pattuite”: antinomie e analogie - 3. Attività di interesse generale” di cui all’art. 5 d.lgs. n. 117 del 2017, missione caritativa e sociale della Chiesa e regolamentazione delle attività “diverse” da quelle di culto e religione - 4. Gli enti religiosi civilmente riconosciuti e la novella disciplina sugli enti del Terzo settore e dell’Impresa sociale: adempimenti canonici (regolamento, licenza scritta dell’ordinario e creazione di un patrimonio destinato) - 5. L’identificazione dei beni dell’ente canonico funzionali all’esercizio dell’attività di Terzo settore o di Impresa sociale: il bilancio separato. Conclusioni.

Canonistic Reflections of the Reform of the Third Sector

ABSTRACT: Third sector reform started with the delegation law n. 106 of 6 June 2016 undoubtedly involves canon law in its form and substance. The new legislation on the Third sector allows in a certain sense to "recover" many of the typically canonical activities of the religious entity within its "civil" structure in a way more coherent with the religious and canonical nature of the institution itself with respect to the law 222 of 1985. If we look at the activities that Legislative Decree 117 of 2017 calls (Article 5) "Activities of general interest", we highlight how many of them are specific and characterizing religious bodies of the Catholic tradition. The Author in particular highlights how the civilly recognized religious bodies, if they want to regulate some of their activities according to the new discipline on Third sector bodies and the Social enterprise, must undergo some canonical obligations (drafting of a regulation, written license of the Ordinary and creation of destined assets).

SOMMARIO: 1. I gruppi etico-deontologici e il diritto della polis democratica alla luce dei recenti cambiamenti sociali vissuti dalle identità collettive - 2. I codici di autoregolamentazione nel settore del lavoro - 3. Il mercato tra codificazione etica ed eteroregolamentazione - 4. Le recenti opportunità di lavoro socialmente utile offerte dalle tecnologie social alle smart communities - 5. La nuova sensibilità deontologica nel mondo finanziario: le banche etiche e la finanza islamica - 6. La rilevanza nell’ordine della polis dei vari tipi di norme contenute nei codici deontologici: attualità e prospettive inter- e/o trans-culturali.

Codes of ethics and Deontology in the fields of Labor, Market and Finance. Freedom of Conscience and the Transition from Oeconomicus Corporatism to Democratic Intercultural Cooperation

ABSTRACT: The paper analyzes the recent relevance of deontological codes, from which a process of enriching the concept of deontology seems to emerge. This is increasingly understood not only in a corporatist way as an ethics of conduct within the category of reference, but also in a democratic way as the ethics of service made to the polis by professional communities, which now, in the overall world of work, appear ethically inspired in the most varied ways. Following the development that freedom of conscience has experienced in its various forms of collective exercise, we are positively experiencing new patterns of work organization where deontology represents a synthesis between moral and law. Similarly, to churches, even some professional communities have useful, non-utilitarian relationships, and open to democratic intercultural cooperation, with their multiform and typical ways of working in the service of the human person, elected to lifestyles or spiritual missions. In order to encourage and extend this phenomenon of greater ethical accountability of free professions, some legal channels will be analyzed to better harmonize the use of those new deontological standards with legal rules in order to ensure balance and order at a general level, and to avoid the social dissociation in neo-corporatist groups.

SOMMARIO: 1. Stato Città del Vaticano e Unione europea. La Convenzione monetaria - 2. Lo sviluppo della SCV del Vaticano. Il dilatamento della giurisdizione vaticana e i rapporti di giurisdizione con l’Italia - 3. La normativa vaticana e il processo di valutazione MONEYVAL. Approccio collaborativo delle autorità vaticane e rapporti internazionali - 4. Gli sviluppi più recenti.

International Relations of Vatican City State and measures in financial law

ABSTRACT: After having outlined the peculiarities of Vatican City State's nature, this paper examines the development of its financial law, starting with the Monetary Convention with European Union. The Holy See from 2009 makes a serious effort to adjust its law to the current needs of an increasingly globalised market. This results in a profound change in the Vatican international relations, which were previously mainly addressing Italy, in order to satisfy the territorial and material needs of a small State. Today Vatican City State has agreed to be subject to periodic controls on its financial system by international bodies. It has developed a system of international relations and it integrates into the global financial market transparency system.

SOMMARIO: 1. Una giustificazione morale del liberalismo economico – 2. Il rifiuto della coercizione e la riscoperta della buona fede contrattuale – 3. Libertà economica come presupposto delle libertà fondamentali – 4. L’inavveduta equivalenza tra socialismo e socialdemocrazia – 5. Una ricostruzione suggestiva, ancorché limitativa, dei rapporti tra Cristianesimo, antichità classica e diritto occidentale – 6. Contro l’adesione del clero e dei cristiani poveri alle dottrine socialiste – 7. Note sulla dottrina sociale, tra dogmatismo e problemi concreti – 8. Possibili conclusioni: la necessità di un’analisi dei rapporti tra fedi religiose ed economia.

ABSTRACT: In spite of being widely regarded as a typical liberal conservative scholar, Wilhelm Röpke has shown a sincere interest on Canon Law’s history and social doctrine of the Church during his career and studies. The aim of this essay is to consider how Röpke tried to link this cultural and philosophical perspective to a strong adhesion to economics and liberalism. His theses maybe had an apologetic argumentative limit, just in order to justify his devotion to the Christian roots of European Law, but it does not mean that Röpke has not expressed any interesting issues, still useful in current juridical and confessional debate.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione – 2. La presenza islamica in Europa – 2.1. Il livello di integrazione dei musulmani nelle città europee – 3. Marketing halal: analisi della religione come "nuova/vecchia" variabile della microsegmentazione – 3.1. Introduzione al marketing halal – 3.2. Interculturalità vs. Religione – 3.3. La religione come "nuovavecchia" variabile della microsegmentazione – 3.4. Marketing halal, un approccio europeo al mercato globale – 4. La banca islamica, strumento per l'inclusione finanziaria dei musulmani – 4.1. Il concetto di esclusione/inclusione finanziaria – 4.2. Misurare il livello di esclusione finanziaria. Un'analisi della situazione attuale – 4.3. Le iniziative per l'inclusione finanziaria a livello mondiale – 4.4. La banca islamica come strumento d’inclusione per i musulmani – 4.4.1. I principi etici della banca islamica – 4.4.2. Le potenziali della banca islamica come strumenti di inclusione sociale – 5. Conclusioni.

ABSTRACT: This work aims to highlight the obstacles of the social, political, economic and financial exclusion of the European Muslims in order to present eventual inclusive solutions. In Europe the Islamic presence is growing because of two main reasons: the immigration fluxes from Asia and from the Islamic Mediterranean countries and the high birth rates of the European Muslim families. Even if part of the European culture presents several features deriving from the Islamic heritage and even if the national and EU legislations present anti-discrimination laws and specific protections for religious freedom, the Muslims have been socially excluded. Furthermore, Islamophobia has been increasing since 9/11 and especially in the recent months after the jihadist attacks in Paris and Brussels. This feeling increased the exception of Muslims from the public and private life in the European countries. Because of these reasons nowadays it is necessary to improve the available normative tools and, at the same time, it seems crucial to adopt a multidisciplinary method that should involve the Islamic banking, that is fundamental for the development of the Islamic European entrepreneurs, or the halal marketing which considers religion as a new/old variable for the microsegmentation of the European market.