Contenuti per la categoria: Tutela penale e fattore religioso

SOMMAIRE: 1. Introduction - 2. Une issue retentissante: la concrétisation d’une protection conventionnelle contre les persécutions religieuses - 3. Un raisonnement parcellaire: les apories de l’analyse européenne à l’aune de la liberté de religion - 4. Conclusion - 5. Jurisprudence liée - 6. Appendice .

ABSTRACT : By banning deporting of a coptic christian by France to Egypt, where he might suffer persecution, European court of human rights has made an important contribution to the protection of foreigners against measures involving expulsion. The European solution is important because it deals with a complex, but crucial, concept: religious persecution. Unfortunatly, the opportunity offered by this case hase not been fully exploited. Freedom of religion was at the heart of this case, but European court did’nt use it enough.

SOMMARIO: 1. Connessioni e distinzioni tra responsabilità morale e responsabilità giuridica negli ordinamenti religiosi - 2. Responsabilità morale e responsabilità giuridica della gerarchia ecclesiastica - 3. La responsabilità giuridica della gerarchia nell’ordinamento canonico e sue conseguenze negli ordinamenti statuali - 4. La riparazione del danno ingiusto nel diritto canonico. Responsabilità della gerarchia - 5. La responsabilità penale della gerarchia nel caso di abusi sessuali commessi dai chierici - 6. Responsabilità morale, pastorale e comunionale della gerarchia nel caso di abusi sessuali commessi dai chierici.

Catholic Hierarchy Responsibility in Clerical Sexual Abuse: Between Canon Law and Civil Law

This essay aims to demonstrate moral and legal catholic hierarchy responsibility in clerical sexual abuses. Stories about child maltreatment in catholic Church dominated media worldwide. There is no longer any doubt about the need to punish the guilty, both in canon and civil law. It means that they must be punished under criminal law and they must refund victims. However there are divisions about hierarchy responsibility. Some civil courts (eg. in the USA, Canada or Spain) attributed to the diocese the obligation to pay damages. These statements are very criticized by the canonists, who contest the equivalence relationship priest-diocese as a business one. So they claim the legal irresponsibility of hierarchy. At the moment this is the position of the Italian courts.
The present essay defends the opposite view. The hierarchy has a primary moral responsibility, which obliges both to defend the  victims of the abuses committed by the clergy, both the ecclesial community from abusive priests. This moral responsibility translates into a legal one, which requires the hierarchy to refund the victims on the basis of canon law. Therefore, the civil courts may impose diocesan bishops the obligation to refund victims.

SOMMARIO: 1. Il peso del diritto penale nel “fardello temporale” – 2. La Legge 24 aprile 2012, N. CLXVI dello Stato della Città del Vaticano nel sistema delle fonti del diritto - 3. (segue) “Persona giuridica” e “Autorità pubblica” ai sensi della Legge N. CLXVI – 4. Le misure di prevenzione e contrasto introdotte dalla Legge N. CLXVI del 2012, con particolare riferimento al delitto di riciclaggio – 5. L’art. 42 bis Legge N. CLXVI. Analogie e differenze rispetto al nucleo della disciplina italiana in materia di responsabilità degli enti.

ABSTRACT: This research is focused on anti-money laundering regulations in Vatican City State (Legge 24 aprile 2012 N. CLXVI). In particular, one compare it with italian set of rules and one analyze the system of vatican legal sources.

SOMMAIRE: 1. Introduction – 2. Analyse des actions des participants au groupe “Pussy Riot” accomplies par ceux-ci pendant le temps de la réalisation de l’action – 3. Analyse du texte de la chansonnette interprétée par les participants au groupe “Pussy Riot” au cours de l’action – 4. Les actions des participants au groupe “Pussy Riot” réalisées par ceux-ci le 21 Février 2012 dans la Cathédrale du Christ-Sauveur peuvent être appréciées, à juste titre, comme réalisées en commun selon l’intention unifiée de l’action – 5. Tribunal Khamovniky de la ville de Moscou et Cour de cassation de la ville de Moscou.

SOMMARIO: Premessa – 1. La CEDU e l’integrazione del parametro costituzionale (art. 117, co. 1 Cost.): i confini del vincolo derivante dalla interpretazione della Corte europea di Strasburgo – 2. Il bilanciamento tra l’interpretazione vincolante della Corte europea ed il “sistema “ dei diritti e dei principi costituzionali: la lotta per l’effettività della Costituzione e l’equilibrio tra i poteri – 2.1. Il sistema dei diritti e gli spazi del legislatore: la soluzione (inammissibilità) che lascia al Parlamento la piena responsabilità di dare forma al “diritto di vivere la coppia omosessuale” – 2.2. Il sindacato sulle scelte legislative alla luce dell’evoluzione dei principi fondamentali dell’ordinamento maturati in ambito CEDU – 3. Il bilanciamento alla luce del sistema costituzionale dei diritti: le trasformazioni dei principi e la ricerca del massimo livello di tutela nel sistema del processo penale. La variegata forza delle additive di principio – 4. L’effettività dei diritti nelle dinamiche tra il livello statale ed il livello regionale dell’intervento legislativo. Il ruolo degli standard omogenei di tutela a livello nazionale ed il potenziamento a livello locale delle garanzie fondato sulla illegittima discriminazione tra i destinatari dei benefici – 5. Un occhio a Strasburgo e un occhio alla storia della Corte costituzionale.

The “Research of Effectiveness” : from the Struggle for the Implementation of the Constitution to the Objective of the Best Protection of Rights

ABSTRACT: The paper reflects on the Case-Law of the Italian Constitutional Court, through which the recent Judgments (beginning with the leading cases nn. 348 and 349 of 2007) that have contributed to the clarification of the status of conventional rules (ECHR), as developed and interpreted by Strasbourg Judges, can be understood in the context of the domestic constitutional system. The author sees in the Jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court dating back to the “struggle” for the effectiveness of the Constitution (including the norms concerning programs and objectives), in the interpretative decisions that have limited the impact of unconstitutionality, according to the budgetary needs in the light of the gradualism of social rights guarantees, and in the  significance of the effectiveness of fundamental rights in the context of the reformed Italian regionalism, interpretative rules which would allow the Constitutional Judge to identify the “best level of protection” of fundamental rights (Judgments 311 and 317 of 2009),
so as to be able to enforce checks and balances among constitutional powers, id est with respect to the responsibility of the legislature and the role of the judiciary.
 

SOMMARIO: 1. La “novità” dell’ordinanza del Tribunale di Lecce 8 ottobre 2012 – 2. Il precedente belga – 3. Uno sguardo sulla dottrina civilistica del respondeat superior nell’esperienza americana – 4. La fattispecie esaminata dai giudici salentini e la questione della soggettività della Curia arcivescovile – 5. (segue) Il riconoscimento della responsabilità indiretta ex art. 2049 c.c. – 6. Le ragioni della non configurabilità di una posizione di responsabilità del vescovo ex art. 2049 c.c. - Appendice.

It’s “Déjà vu” in Case Law: Vicarious Liability of the Diocesan Bishopfor the Intentional Torts committed by his Priests

ABSTRACT: This Article addresses the issue of a Diocesan Curia’s liability for the intentional torts (sexual assault) committed by his parish priest. The paper takes as a starting point a recent Italian ruling that found a master-servant relationship between the Diocesan Curia and parish priest. The Court also held that a parish priest who committed a intentional tort (sexual assault), causally connected to the relationship, is acting within the scope of employment, so that the Diocesan Curia is vicariously liable. The Author suggests a comparative approach to the guidelines of Belgian and American case law on the subject of sexual abuse committed by clergy and examines the legal aspects of the topic as they are ruled by Italian law, which should lead to reject the conclusion of imputing a vicarious liability upon the Diocesan Curia.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Gli enti ecclesiastici civilmente riconosciuti - 3. (segue) Natura giuridica. Le attività di “religione o di culto” e le “attività diverse” – 4. (segue) L’ente ecclesiastico civilmente riconosciuto che svolge attività d’impresa – 5. Brevi riflessioni in ordine alla riconducibilità degli enti ecclesiastici al novero dei “soggetti” di cui all’art. 1 d.lgs. n. 231 del 2001 - 6. (segue) Gli enti ecclesiastici e la disciplina della responsabilità “amministrativa” dei soggetti collettivi: i reati-presupposto commessi all’estero.

ABSTRACT: This research is focused on bodies’ administrative liability ex d. lgs. n. 231 del 2001 and ecclesiastical boards which are civilly recognized. In particular we examine Italian regulations suitable for the mentioned boards. As a consequence we try to find the limits of d. lgs. n. 231 del 2001 application’s. This legislative decree regulates bodies’ liability for unlawful administrative (but substantial penal) acts relating to offences. The provisions set out therein apply to corporate entities and companies and associations including those which are not bodies corporate. However, the decree do not mention any ecclesiastical boards which are civilly recognized.

SOMMARIO: 1. Limits to free speech, incitement to hatred and a “third case” - 2. UN Resolutions on Defamation of Religions (1999 – 2010). The role of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation - 3. Recognizing values and rights in the defamation of religions discourse - 4. The interplay between racial and religious offences and its effect on limitations to free speech - 5. Balancing freedom of expression and freedom of religion in the work of the UN Human Rights Committee - 6. Concluding Remarks.

Freedom of religion, freedom of expression and the United Nations: recognizing values and rights in the “defamation of religions” discourse

ABSTRACT: The article focuses on the issue of religious freedom and freedom of expression from the point of view of the United Nations. In particular, it examines the so called Defamation of religions, which has been the topic of a series of Resolutions voted by the Human Rights Commission, the Human Rights Council and the Assembly General, from 1999 to 2010. In the Defamation of religions debate, the UN institutions appear to tend to highlight the conflict between rights rather than the positive interrelation between them. Nonetheless, it has been repeatedly argued that it should be possible for political institutions and religious majorities to use anti-defamatory legislation in order to stem the activities of religious minorities. Applying penal anti-defamation laws might not be the best way to deal with the potential conflict between two fundamental rights. The more recent trends show a shift toward what seems to be a more suitable accommodation of the interests at stake. In this regard, the article will consider the Human Rights Council’s Resolution about discrimination on religious grounds (2011), the Ad Hoc Committee on Complementary Standards to the ICERD and the new General Comment on article 19 of the ICCPR.

SOMMARIO: 1. Considerazioni introduttive – 2. I precedenti – 3. Le previsioni della legge 12 giugno 2001, n. 2001-504 – 4. Cenni alle reazioni sovranazionali e internazionali – 5. La successiva attività governativa e parlamentare – 6. Conclusioni interlocutorie guardando all’apporto giurisprudenziale.

SOMMARIO. 1. Introduzione. I diversi modelli dell’attuale tutela penale della religione negli ordinamenti italiano e britannico – 2. Rapporti Stato-Chiesa e secolarizzazione delle fonti delle religious offences: l’età delle riforme religiose – 3. Il Settecento: tra laicizzazione del diritto penale ed “istituzionalizzazione” della religione dominante – 4. L’avvio di una laicizzazione dei contenuti delle religious offences nel XIX secolo – 5. Tutela penale, rapporti tra Stato e Chiese e pluralismo religioso nel XX secolo – 6. Osservazioni conclusive.

ABSTRACT: The path of secularization of religious Offences in England and Wales: between historical and comparative perspective In recent years in Italy and England some important reforms concerning the traditional criminal offences against religion have been introduced: in Italy, Law 85/2006 regarding crimes against religious denominations that has changed the offence of vilifying, without changing the blasphemy offence; in England and Wales, the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006, the repeal of the common law of blasphemy and blasphemous libel in 2008 and the offences of defamatory, seditious and obscene libel in 2009. The historical perspective allows us to contextualize the hallmarks by which the two nations deal with the problem of offences against religion. The historical path that led to the current British reforms, in fact, was characterized by the transition from the institutionalized model of protection under criminal law of the Church of England, as established Church, to the formal and substantive secularization of religious Offences, which finally led to their abolition, without questioning - at least formally - the general system of the Established Church of England. The differences between the two models of criminal protection of religion are rooted in that path and are reflected in the more general legal treatment of religion and in the state/churches/religions relations in the two countries