Contenuti per la categoria: Laicità e pluralismo

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. I precedenti giurisprudenziali - 3. Un nuovo ruolo per i giudici tunisini? - 4. La tutela dei diritti e delle libertà: tra comparazione e fiqh - 5. Profili comparatistici. Il processo di rettifica del genere in una pronuncia della Corte d’appello di Beirut - 6. Considerazioni conclusive.

A landmark decision concerning gender rectification in Tunisia: the right to a private life between comparative law, international law and fiqh

ABSTRACT: The decision of the Tribunal of Tunis, concerning gender rectification in public registries of a transgender FtM person who underwent sex reassignment treatment, is an example of innovative case law. The judgment, changing the previous case law, is characterized by the use of the comparative method, so that, in the grounds for ruling, legal principles from different foreign jurisdictions and the fiqh coexist. Specifically, the Tribunal of Tunis, showing an open and dialogical approach to other jurisdictions and legislations of the globe, has consecrated the fundamental human right of gender rectification in public registries, rarely recognized in other Arab countries.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. La procedura costituzionale - 3. Il diritto penale - 4. I principî: a) la dignità … - 5. (segue) b) la coscienza … - 6. (segue) c) la separazione (ovvero la laicità).

Presented uncostitutionality and justifiable assisted suicide: innovations in continuity

ABSTRACT: For the first time the Italian Constitutional Court adopted a double ruling (anticipatory the one, deciding the other) in the same judicial review. And for the first time also elaborated the circumstances of a justifiable (doctor-) assisted suicide, that so far was in any case a crime. They are two outstanding jurisprudential innovations, however the aim of the Author is to demonstrate that they are not in break but in continuity with the decision techniques of the Court, on one hand, and the leading cases on the topic of criminal justifications, on the other hand. Particularly the concept of subjective dignity, that according to the Court is the reason behind the decision of the patient, is recurring in the precedents of the Court of Cassation. Generally, moreover, the concepts of conscience, life and death prevail on this matter, neverthless are differently interpreted according to an ethic, specially religious, perspective or a secular, specially state, perspective. The merit of the decision consists precisely of the separatist, secular planning between ethics and law.

SOMMARIO: 1. Gli approdi normativi nella tutela contro le offese al sentimento religioso - 2. I persistenti dubbi di compatibilità con la libertà di espressione e con il principio di legalità in materia penale - 3. La centralità del nesso strumentale tra il vilipendio di persone o di cose e l’offesa alla confessione religiosa - 4. Il bene giuridico protetto e la questione dell’ammissibilità della protezione dei fatti di sentimento legati alla sfera religiosa - 5. Il permanente ricorso allo strumento penale tra (dubbia) adeguatezza della sanzione e carattere (prevalentemente) simbolico della repressione.

The “new” appearance of crimes against religious sentiment in the framework of the so-called “crimes of opinion”

ABSTRACT: This paper provides a critical analysis of the main issues raised by the crimes against religious sentiment (Articles 403-405 and 724 of the Italian Criminal Code). In particular, an analysis was made as to whether these crimes are consistent with the freedom of expression and with the principle of legality in criminal matters. Furthermore, it is investigated the issue related to the admissibility itself of a criminal protection referred to religious feelings, according to the constitutional principles.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Fattore religioso e società multiculturale: alla ricerca di uno spazio giuridico dai contorni flessibili - 3. Crisi della rappresentanza e “resilienza laica” - 4. La politica a favore (o contro) i simboli e la funzione dello stato laico - 5. Uso patologico dei simboli religiosi e nuove “mappe giuridiche” (… oltre il diritto pattizio) - 6. Conclusioni.

Commodification and instrumentalization of religious symbols in the secular State

ABSTRACT: The article deals with religious symbols and their use in the public and legal sphere by political actors. Following some recent events, the author shows that the (mis)use of symbols in political life generates disorientation in both social and electoral dynamics. Such (mis)use is also relevant to positive and secular law, insofar this latter is called to regain its natural flexibility, to meet new needs of individuals and collective formations, induced by social changes of multicultural society.

SOMMARIO: 1. Riflessioni a margine della libertà religiosa con specifico riguardo alle confessioni senza rappresentanza - 2. I disegni di legge sulla libertà religiosa e i rapporti con le confessioni non strutturate o prive di adeguata rappresentanza istituzionale - 3. Le confessioni religiose senza rappresentanza: ulteriori osservazioni e prospettive.

Remarks on religions lacking any adequate institutional representatives in the light of social-ethnic context

ABSTRACT: Because of intense migratory flows today, the coexistence of various religious movement, often very different among them, in our society has increased. This phenomenon is known as ‘religious pluralism’ and it implies that before the law all religions have the right to exist, to preach their own doctrines, to worship, and to gain a recognition of ‘special’ juridical positions. In this background the religious factor is a diriment element and represents the focal point of cultural and juridical debate.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. L’atto di scelta - 3. L’intervento del Consiglio di Stato - 4. Osservazioni critiche - 5. Una lettura costituzionalmente orientata - 6. Conclusioni.

The validity of the teaching of the Catholic religion in Italian public schools

ABSTRACT: Catholic RE teaching in state schools of all types and at all levels is covered by the agreement amending the Lateran Concordat and the additional protocol thereto, implemented by means of Law No 121 of 25 March 1985, and the agreement between the Italian Ministry for Education and the President of the Italian Bishops’ Conference, implemented by means of Presidential Decree No 751 of 16 December 1985, as subsequently amended.

SUMARIO: 1. Introducción - 2. Planteamiento del problema y antecedentes en Europa - 3. El velo integral en la legislación italiana - 4. La sentencia del Consiglio di Stato italiano núm. 3076, de 19 de junio de 2008 - 5. La Delibera 4553, de 10 de diciembre de 2015, de la Giunta Regionale de Lombardía - 6. La sentencia del Tribunal de Milán de 20 de abril de 2017 – 7. La valoración de la Corte di Appello di Milano: la sentencia de 28 de octubre de 2019 - 8. El velo integral en el ordenamiento jurídico español – 9. La Ordenanza Municipal de Civismo y Convivencia de Lleida y su interpretación por el Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Cataluña - 10. La anulación de la Ordenanza Municipal de Civismo y Convivencia de Lleida por el Tribunal Supremo: la sentencia núm. 693 de 2013, de 14 de febrero - 11. La Ordenanza de Civismo de la ciudad de Reus y los autos del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Cataluña - 12. Síntesis conclusiva: estudio comparativo de las realidades lombarda y catalana.

The ban on the integral veil in Italy and Spain: the Lombard and Catalan cases

ABSTRACT: In recent years we have been able to appreciate how phenomena such as immigration and globalization have transformed the religious decoration of European countries. Italy and Spain do not represent any exception, because in the streets of their towns and villages there is a growing religious diversity that every day does not stop increasing. That this means people who have arrived to Italy and Spain searching of better prospects for the future but without forgetting their customs, traditions and religion. The problems arise when in use of religious freedom, this people try that the host society admits or tolerates certain religious practices, foreign to the European Judeo-Christian tradition, which could collide with the European legal order. One of those controversial practices has to do with religious symbology, specifically, with the integral veil that Islamic women carry, mainly because of the security problems. By this reason, this article tries to describe the legal situation of the integral veil, analyzing and comparing the ways in which have been regulated in Italy (Lombardy) and Spain (some Catalonian municipalities like Lleida or Reus). The jurisprudential solutions emanating from the courts of both countries are also studied.

SOMMARIO: 1. Alla ricerca del popolo - 2. Il popolo politico - 3. Il popolo religioso - 4. L’intreccio populistico ereditato - 5. L’intreccio populistico in atto - 6. L’assalto dell’anti-pluralismo - 7. L’antidoto della laicità.

Populism, Religions, Law

ABSTRACT – The political populism has a background that is not easily detectable: the sense of religious or the sacred that enlivens the holistic view, without intermediate groups, of the people. The political populism needs symbols and goes to the ancient religious image. This tissue is looming on the law plan because aims to break up the fundamentals principles of the constitutional state, particularly the citizens equality according to their cultures and identities. To counter the innate antipluralism of the populism there soars the principle of secularism with its content of respect for the differences and, under this point of view, limit of the popular soveregnty.

SOMMARIO: 1. - La fisionomia del diritto di libertà religiosa nello spazio europeo: due sistemi a confronto - 2. La giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo in materia di libertà religiosa individuale: le nuove prospettive sul divieto di porto di simboli religiosi - 3. La Corte di giustizia e la libertà religiosa: l’(apparente) risvegliato interesse - 4. Brevi considerazioni conclusive.

Freedom of religion before European Courts

ABSTRACT: This essay aims to investigate the content of the right to religious freedom in the European Court of Human Rights’ and the EU Court of Justice’s case law. As a matter of fact, the approach of these courts appears to be very different. While in the Strasbourg Court’s case law this right is gradually recognized more and more clearly and the legitimate restrictions foreseen in the Convention are interpreted with increasing restraint, the Court of Luxembourg rarely applies the right recognized by art. 10 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights in a direct way and often decides the cases through the lenses of an extensive interpretation of the EU anti-discrimination law.

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. Flag Protection. Legislation - 3. Flag Protection. Jurisprudence - 4. Foreign Flags - 5. Desecration of Religious Books - 6. Conclusions.

ABSTRACT: Freedom of expression is axiomatic to liberal democracy. However, extremely divergent paradigms about when it must be curbed are manifest in the legal systems of different countries, especially concerning hate speech and speech offensive to religious or patriotic feelings. The United States is more protective of freedom of expression even at the cost of deliberately ignoring the need - especially in culturally diverse societies common in democratic countries nowadays - for dialogue rather than confrontation and for a pluralistic respect of the dignity and integrity of others and that which they cherish. In contrast, the European paradigm willingly sacrifices freedom of expression for the sake of protecting the sensibilities of the different segments of society. The theoretical question of the proper perimeters of such infringements upon freedom of expression aside, legislation prohibiting the desecration of national symbols on the one hand, and of religiously venerated objects on the other hand, can be seen as a measure of the emphasis ascribed in a jurisdiction to tolerance and pluralism as a justification for limiting democratic rights. This paper is a critical review of the legislation and case-law of flag burning statutes, and statutes outlawing the desecration of religious books, in Israel.