Contenuti per la categoria: Ebraismo

The long road after WWII until today (1944-2023): from the reinstatement of the rights denied to Jews victim of the racist laws of fascist Italy to recovering the Memory of the Holocaust to fight against prejudice and antisemitism

ABSTRACT: This paper who served as a basis of the author’s speech at the official remembrance of the Holocaust at the residence of the President of the Republic of Italy (Quirinale palace) on 27 January 2023 examines the various phases of this process. First from 1944 to the mid-1980 the key element is the enactment of more that 90 pieces of legislation abrogating the antisemitic laws of 1938-45 and granting some compensation to the victims. In a second phase (until the end of the XX century) Judaism is recognized as religious entity with parity of rights as compared with the Catholic Church (the Agreement - “Intesa” - between the Italian State and the Union of Italian Jewish Communities of 1987) thus empowering Judaism in Italy to be an active and distinct contributor to Italy’s society. In that period the “Mancino law” of 1993 enacts criminal provisions to fight racism in Italy more effectively. The last phase from 2000 until to-day, witnesses, after the official recognition of the “Holocaust Remembrance Day” each 27 January (“Giorno della Memoria”) witnesses an engagement of Italian institutions to fight antisemitism through education and cultural initiatives.

SOMMARIO: 1. La reintegrazione nei diritti negati: un processo lungo e faticoso (1944-1987) - 2. Dal completamento del disegno costituzionale con l’intesa tra Stato e Comunità ebraiche (1987-89) alla repressione del razzismo con la “legge Mancino” (1993) - 3. La riflessione sulla Shoah quale insegnamento per l’oggi: il Giorno della Memoria (2000) - 4. La strategia europea contro le discriminazioni e l’antisemitismo: protezione ed educazione - 5. La strategia e le iniziative italiane - 6. In conclusione.

SOMMARIO - 1. L’emancipazione dei culti tollerati e la condizione giuridica degli ebrei piemontesi al momento dello Statuto Albertino - 2. Primi tentativi di riordino delle Università israelitiche (1849-1856) - 3. Il progetto di Riforma degli ordinamenti amministrativi ed economici del culto israelitico (1857) - 4. La Sinistra radicale in dissenso. Riccardo Sineo e i ‘diritti di libertà’ degli israeliti - 5. Alla ricerca di un juste milieu.

The Organic Law for the Piedmontese Israelite Communities of 1857. The debate and the choices of the Subalpine Parliament

ABSTRACT: This essay aims to reconstruct the story of the enactment of the organic law for Piedmont's Israelite Communities (n. 2325), which in 1857 the Subalpine Parliament approved at the end of a close political debate. In the aftermath of the emancipation - granted in 1848 by Charles Albert to the religious minorities, Waldensian and Israelite, present in the Kingdom of Sardinia - the leaders of the Israelite Communities asked the Savoy government to regulate by law the legal-administrative structure of the community institutions. It was only through a legislative measure, in fact, that the Israelite Communities would be able to retain the privilegia fisci, such as the right to levy taxes on their members and to collect communal taxes through tax-collecting rolls, which until then they had exercised under special pre-statutory provisions. The organic law passed by Parliament recognized the Israelite Communities as necessary corporations, each of which included all Jews residing in the municipality of erection, thus incardinating them into the order of the State, which exercised control and protection over them.

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction to the role of UNESCO in defining, respecting and implementing Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: a general analysis - 2. The right to participate freely in cultural life: the specific UNESCO's involvement in the field of religious rights - 3. IHL Dimension linked to UNESCO's Legislative Powers to Protect the Cultural Heritage in the Event of Armed Conflict or Occupation - 4. UNESCO's Actions to Preserve the Cultural Heritage in Syria and Iraq: A comparative framework - 5. The Legal Status of Jerusalem and the management of the Holy Places: Jerusalem in a Nutshell - 6. UNESCO's past interventions in Jerusalem: a legal basis for future interventions - 7. The Mughrabi Gate Ascent - 8. The 2008 Action Plan for the Safeguarding of the Cultural Heritage of the Old City of Jerusalem - 9. UNESCO, Resolution 200 EX/PX/DR.25.2:“Occupied Palestine” - 10. Conclusions.

ABSTRACT: The current dissertation is mainly going to analyse the original contribution of UNESCO to the development of the concept of cultural rights through the proclamation and elaboration of normative instruments and strategies concerning the right to the protection of and access to the cultural (religious) heritage in contested areas. Since 1967, UNESCO has increasingly played a dominant role in the Old city of Jerusalem: it exercised its power in the field of the preservation of cultural heritage in a contested area, not only through practical plans, but also through legislative instruments and Resolutions. A peculiar political contest is still challenging the full exercise of its powers and the applicability of the main human rights treaty dealing with the preservation of cultural heritage in a contest of competing sovereignty. The essay, drawing on UNESCO's past restoration experiences in ancient (Aleppo, 1992) and post-conflict (Iraq, 2003) areas, focuses on the conciliation role that the Agency may potentially play in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.