Contenuti per la categoria: Diritto interculturale

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Premessa teorica: la funzione di orientamento sociale del diritto - 2.1. Chiarezza dei messaggi normativi (a monte) - 2.2. Chiarezza dei messaggi normativi (a valle) - 3. Accomodamenti ragionevoli nel diritto antidiscriminatorio dell’Unione europea - 3.1. Perché manca una disposizione sugli accomodamenti ragionevoli basati su tutti i fattori? - 3.2. Perché ampliare la norma sugli accomodamenti ragionevoli? - 4. Dalla norma inderogabile al diversity management - 5. Ripensare il diritto antidiscriminatorio e il diversity management in una prospettiva interculturale - 6. Considerazioni conclusive.

Reasonable Accommodation Based on Religion in Law and Diversity Management

ABSTRACT: The ban on discrimination against workers grounded on religion is a fundamental principle enshrined in the European Union’s primary legislation and anti-discrimination law. However, currently, there is no binding provision at this level of legislation which imposes on employers to adopt reasonable accommodation based on this category. Many scholars promote the adoption of this measure based on religion. Still, the recent jurisprudence of the Court of Justice does not seem encouraging in this sense. In light of this situation, the article aims to investigate the reasons underlying the limitations of the hard law provisions and the implications of the shift from the level of the mandatory norm to that of policy and diversity management in accommodating religious diversity at work, with particular regard to Muslim women working in the private sector. European institutions seem to delegate the law-related function of social orientation to policy and diversity management. Various critical issues emerge from this process of de-juridification, although diversity management generates some good practices, also within the so-called Diversity Charters. With the aim to support the implementation of reasonable religion-based accommodation, this article suggests rethinking the anti-discrimination law and diversity management from an intercultural perspective.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le “nuove” obiezioni di coscienza nelle società multiculturali. Il rifiuto dell’obbligo vaccinale - 2. Religioni e vaccini - 3. La situazione negli altri Paesi, in particolare il caso degli USA - 4. L’obbligo vaccinale in Italia - 5. È configurabile il diritto all’obiezione di coscienza rispetto alle vaccinazioni obbligatorie?

The Refusal of Mandatory Vaccinations for Conscientious Reasons. A Comparative Overlook

ABSTRACT: The paper analyzes the possibility to design a new shape of conscientious objection : the refusal of mandatory vaccinations due to religious or ideological reasons. Some religions are against vaccines because of the ingredients they contain. In other cases the refusal to be vaccinated is based on the idea that only God can protect health. The legislatures of some Countries recognize the conscientious objection to mandatory vaccinations. The paper focuses the topic in a comparative perspective, paying attention to the italian and european context.

SOMMARIO: 1. Brevi considerazioni introduttive - 2. Mutilazioni genitali femminili: una questione anche italiana - 3. Profili risarcitori e misure repressive: il quadro normativo italiano - 4. Art. 583 bis c.p.: riflessioni sulla formulazione della norma - 5. Strategie integrate, approccio globale e multisettoriale nella lotta al fenomeno - 6. Inclusione sociale, sensibilizzazione delle coscienze e metamorfosi delle condotte nella strada maestra della prevenzione - 7. Politiche assistenziali e misure di protezione delle donne a rischio e delle vittime nelle strategie di prevenzione.

FGM between prevention and contrast measures: eradication perspectives of the phenomenon in Italy.

ABSTRACT: FGM includes practices of total or partial cutting or external genital lesions of women for no therapeutic reason. They are carried aut for socio-cultural or hygienic-prophylactic causes. Moreover, these rituals are also practiced by some religious communities despite the lack of impositive precepts in sacred texts. FGM is also widespread in Italy and it is constitute a violation of women’s human rights and child abuse. The Italian State fights the phenomenon with external and internal actions, through strategic measures of prevention, protection and assistance for victims. FGM does not exclude compensation for damage to the health of the women involved. In Italy, a new type of crime has been introduced with the art. 583 bis c.p. However, the rule has not been widely applied. This issue needs to faced up on a global level. Above all, it is necessary to persuade those who follow the practice to be the main actors of their own change.

Il 28 settembre 2018, presso l’Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, si è tenuto un convegno internazionale co-finanziato dall’Unione Europea, che ha visto la partecipazione di giovani studiosi delle più diverse discipline giuridiche, italiani e stranieri. I relatori, selezionati in seguito ad una “call for papers”, cui è stata data ampia pubblicità in Italia e all’estero, si sono confrontati sul tema del pluralismo religioso nel sistema europeo e, soprattutto, nella recente giurisprudenza delle Corti sovranazionali. (continua)

SUMMARY: 1. Together in diversity: law and religion in modern civil law systems - 2. The religious traditions in law and religion - 3. The religion and law osmosis in law-making processes - 4. The religion and law osmosis in jurisdiction - 5. As a strategy: the nomopoietic function of religions in the legal koinè.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le possibili implicazioni religiose di una “stretta di mano” - 2. Il caso sottoposto all’esame dei giudici svedesi - 3. La pronunzia del 15 agosto 2018, n. 51, del Tribunale del lavoro svedese e la questione della ricorrenza di una “pratica religiosa” meritevole di tutela - 4. (segue) La verifica dei presupposti di una “discriminazione indiretta” - 5. L’esperienza d’Oltreoceano - 6. Identità religiosa e (dis)uguaglianza di genere - 7. La diversa incidenza, nella fattispecie esaminata, del divieto di discriminazione per motivi religiosi e del principio della parità di genere - 8. Conclusioni: la libertà religiosa della lavoratrice e i margini lasciati alle scelte di politica aziendale della società.

Dealing with the contentious points of the integration (about “forbidden” greetings and principle of non-discrimination)

ABSTRACT: Some Islamic believers adhere to a rule of behavior coming from a particular reading of the traditions concerning the life of Muhammad, so they do not shake hands with people of the other sex outside their own restricted family circle. The present paper analyzes the potential impact of such a choice, if it is carried out in the work context and it infringes specific internal company rules, which require employees to not discriminate against customers on the basis of sex. The Author, in accordance with a recent decision of the Swedish Labor Court, affirms that the limitation of the freedom of the worker can be considered a case of indirect discrimination for religious reasons. However, demanding that the woman abstains from shaking hands with persons of her own sex, as suggested by the Court, is not required by the principle of gender equality, and is not coherent with the very personal nature of the act, according to the Author.

SOMMARIO: 1. La religione c’entra? Una premessa culturalista - 2. La violenza organizzata nel mondo e la centralità della guerra siriana - 3. L’ISIS: dall’Iraq alla Siria e recenti sviluppi - 4. Potere o religione? - 5. Chi sono i militanti jihadisti occidentali - 6. Attratti dall’ISIS - 7. Conclusioni.

Organized violence and religious affiliation: the case of Isis

ABSTRACT: This paper seeks to address the crucial issue of organized violence from a cultural perspective analyzing the case of ISIS, tipically considered as religious group. It intends to elaborate some of the key questions of the debate on the links between religion and violence. The religious nature of ISIS will be disputed throughout its birth and expansion during the U.S. invasion of Iraq and the Syrian conflict: more specifically, the paper aims to shed some lights on the grounds underlying the decision of western foreign fighters and Jihadists to join with or refer to a group of fanatics fighting in the faraway land of Syria. The research methodology is based on an interactionist approach on violence in order to avoid focusing on psychopathological (‘they are violent because they are mad’) or ethical-religious aspects (‘they are violent because they are driven by a bad religion’): on the contrary this paper aims to investigate Jihadist violence in its relational and symbolic aspects, as part of a socio-cultural way of life. In the end, the impact of this approach on possible prevention programs will be touched on briefly.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione – 2. Le mutilazioni genitali femminili come atto di violenza nelle norme e nei documenti europei degli anni 2000 – 3. Escissione e abuso/brutalità/violenza: binomi appropriati e inevitabili? – 4. L’escissione, il dolore e la sua reinterpretazione – 5. Il rapporto dell’escissione con la comunità, la famiglia e il matrimonio – 6. La Convenzione di Istanbul, le norme francesi e i rischi per la libertà religiosa – 7. Considerazioni conclusive.

Female Genital Mutilation as a Gender-Based Crime? (An Analysis of the European Norms in Light of the Concepts of Violence and Religious Freedom)

ABSTRACT: Female genital mutilations (FGM) are ancient practices, which are widespread in several geographical areas, and particularly in Africa. The conflict between customary norms and state legal systems, which arises because FGM violate fundamental rights like the right to physical integrity, health, and non-discrimination based on gender/ethnicity/culture, discloses the dialectic between two normative universes; these universes are conceptually distant with regard to the priority given to the individual and the group. Focusing on the reasons related to female genital cutting (FGC), which consists of the ablation, to differing degrees, of female genital organs, this article, argues that the link that European norms establish between FGM and violence, abuse or brutality comes into conflict with the reasons why migrants perpetuate FGC. Therefore, the way gender is mainstreamed into European norms on FGM can have negative effects, which concern courts’ implementation of these norms and migrants’ social inclusion. Furthermore, this article claims that focusing on health instead of gender equality may prove more effective for the eradication of FGM. Through an analysis of French law, it also suggests that the way the national law is adapted to conform to the Istanbul Convention, may represent a danger to religious freedom.

SOMMARIO: 1. Fenomeno migratorio, istanze di protezione internazionale e risposte degli ordinamenti europei - 2. Riconoscimento dello status di rifugiato e fattore religioso - 3. La recente pronunzia n. 28152 del 2017 della Corte di Cassazione - 4. La valorizzazione della prospettiva di genere nel sistema di protezione internazionale - 5. L’intersezione religione/genere quale pivot di una protezione rafforzata di soggetti particolarmente deboli.

The Intersection between Religion and Gender Protection: Which Impact on the Dynamics of Hospitality? (Preliminary Remarks to Court of Cassation, Section I, 24 November 2017, No. 28152)

ABSTRACT: The intersection between immigration, citizenship, integration in the EU countries is a challenging topic for scholars and religion is becoming a crucial factor. Transnational space allows the development of new meanings, negotiation of identities, interaction of religious actors and practices and integration/participation has an impact on the identity of migrants. The increase of migrations from non-European countries, and the impact of new religious needs underlines the question of whether religious belonging is a factor of either empowerment or disempowerment in the host society. At the same time, migrations in an era of economic crisis emphasize skepticism and hostility towards Islamic groups; refugees and asylum seekers, and the questions connected with international protection have become other controversial issues, contributing to the development of a growing anti-immigrant attitude. Modern democracies are expected to offer answers to increasing demands of international protection; at the same time international protection is becoming a strategic tool to obtain hospitality in European countries, and to avoid the limits connected  to access for economic reasons. Recent Italian case law witnesses the development of a gender-sensitive perspective and focuses on the increasing link between religion, gender and international protection.

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Advocate of the social Gospel: Martin Luther King e il percorso americano di riforma della legislazione sui diritti civili - 3. Post-colonialismo e terzomondismo: Martin Luther King e i percorsi di liberazione su scala globale - 4. Martin Luther King e Gandhi, Cesar Chavez e Sayyed Qutb - 5. Conclusioni: diritti religiosi, giustizia globale e stato di diritto.

Remarks about Law & Religion for the Martin Luther King Day

ABSTRACT: April 4, 2018 commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Martin Luther King jr., in Memphis-Tennessee. The importance of Martin Luther King’s personality goes far beyond the borders of United States and spreads on the global scale. The present paper concerns the universality and the present impact of Martin Luther King’s legacy, considering also the European context. The paper analyses in brief the history of Martin Luther King, taking into account both his activism in the US and his international criticism against global issues such as post-colonialism and third-worldism; a second part is dedicated to the so called religious “global left” of the 50s and 70s. Conclusions show how and why the global religions have still to be considered a critical background for the rule of law, its inequalities and its injustices.