Contributi di Tiziana Di Iorio

Emotional relationships and legal border. Family and families in the European area from religious factors and national law to agreement strategies

ABSTRACT: The family is subject to socio-cultural changes and it is regulated differently from European legal systems. In addition, in Europe, by fall of geographical barriers and the increase of migration, there has been the spread of family models not compatible with the principles and values of the host countries resulting in legal, cultural and religious conflicts. The movement of people within the European area call for coordinated actions and/or the adoption of adaptation techniques processes to the recognition of family status and related rights. This process aims to avoid that one legal relations with internationality may undergone different and heterogeneous regulatory disciplines with implications on the effective enjoyment of fundamental rights and religious ones. This work analyzes the regulation of family law in the European judicial area to understand which path to follow in preventing that the movement of people may be hampered by the heterogeneous of national laws and the relevance of the religious factor in this context.

SOMMARIO: - 1. Brevi considerazioni introduttive - 2. La disciplina sostanziale del diritto di famiglia in Europa: la competenza degli ordinamenti nazionali. - 3. Famiglia e diritti nel sistema europeo - 4. Concetto di famiglia e diritto alla vita familiare - 5. Il diritto di famiglia e l’azione dell’Unione europea nello spazio di libertà, sicurezza e giustizia - 6. Sharīʿah, famiglia e diritto europeo: un rapporto difficile e controverso - 7. I Principles of European Family Law - 8. La famiglia tra diritto comune e politiche di armonizzazione - 9. In somma.

SOMMARIO: 1. Brevi considerazioni introduttive - 2. L’identità liquida del gender - 3. La famiglia nell’ottica del gender - 4. Gender inclusive language, genitorialità e modelli educativi - 5. La sfida antropologica del gender - 6. I riflessi sulla famiglia naturale - 7. In somma.

Beyond the male and female. The family among the colors of gender fluid

ABSTRACT: Gender ideology considers a person’s sexual identity, as male or female, according to personal sense. Thus, sexual identity is not linked to anatomical genitality and can be changed several times during the lifetime according to one’s own desires and choices. This ideology was considered as a cause of the weakening or breaking of the natural family. Notably, family is deprived of its anthropological, community, generative and pedagogical foundation. That is why gender ideology represents a challenge to the family. Nevertheless an appropriate solution must be fund to protect Lgbtq+ couples, regardless of sexual identity, individual tendencies and personal conditions and especially without ideological claims.

SOMMARIO: 1. Brevi cenni introduttivi - 2. Il Fondo Edifici di Culto: struttura e patrimonio - 3. La missione del Fondo Edifici di Culto - 4. Conclusioni.

Worship Buildings Fund. Protection, promotion and sustainable development

ABSTRACT: In the XIX century (mainly dating to the Sixties), laws were enacted for the secularization of all the religious assets. In order to protect, maintain and run this extremely rich, diversified and priceless estate, a Worship Buildings Fund (called Fondo Edifici di Culto = FEC) established by Law no. 222 (1985). Its holdings include many worship buildings (about 840 churches, abbeys, monasteries and convents), sacred objects, artworks, museums, archaelogical sites, book collections; as well as non-religious buildings (farms, schools, barracks and so on), and protected natural areas. Therefore FEC’s purposes need a renewed attention. A new governance will help to achieve the double goal, that is to administer faithfully the policies and objectives which best fulfill the needs, concerns and interests of this precious heritage and to support sustainable development.

SOMMARIO: - Parte Prima. Un virus tra Stato e Chiesa cattolica - 1. Brevi considerazioni introduttive - 2. Misure di contenimento della diffusione della malattia da Covid-19 in Italia: il quadro normativo - 3. Le (cogenti) misure restrittive sull’esercizio del culto - 4. Limiti alla libertà della missione pastorale ed alla libera organizzazione del pubblico esercizio del culto, del magistero e del ministero spirituale della Chiesa cattolica - 5. Un virus nei principi di bilateralità e degli ordini distinti - Parte Seconda. Limiti alla libertà religiosa ed all’esercizio del culto nell’emergenza sanitaria - 6. Strumenti normativi per fronteggiare la crisi sanitaria e questioni di legittimità: brevi cenni - 7. Libertà religiosa e diritto alla salute: bilanciamento tra diritti fondamentali - 8. L’anima dei cives-fideles ai tempi del coronavirus.

Souls quarantine of the cives-fideles. The exercise of worship in the health emergency from Covid-19 in Italy

ABSTRACT: The Italian government has issued regulatory provisions during the lockdown due to health emergency from Covid-19, in order to prevent the spread of epidemiological outbreaks. These new rules have not fulfilled the agreements made with Catholic Church, specificly article 2 of Agreement 1984, especially about the freedom of management and organization of pastoral activities, and they have imposed serious restrictions on the right to religious freedom too. In particular, in order to avoid gatherings, the emergency rules have suppressed the religious ceremonies, as well as masses and last rites. Only recently the right to exercise worship was partially allowed and on May 7th, 2020, a Protocol was signed with Italian Episcopal Conference for the gradual reopening of the celebrations coram populo. The issue concerns the balance between the right to health and the rights of freedom. The question is whether this balance of rights was correctly applied.

SOMMARIO: 1. Brevi considerazioni introduttive - 2. Mutilazioni genitali femminili: una questione anche italiana - 3. Profili risarcitori e misure repressive: il quadro normativo italiano - 4. Art. 583 bis c.p.: riflessioni sulla formulazione della norma - 5. Strategie integrate, approccio globale e multisettoriale nella lotta al fenomeno - 6. Inclusione sociale, sensibilizzazione delle coscienze e metamorfosi delle condotte nella strada maestra della prevenzione - 7. Politiche assistenziali e misure di protezione delle donne a rischio e delle vittime nelle strategie di prevenzione.

FGM between prevention and contrast measures: eradication perspectives of the phenomenon in Italy.

ABSTRACT: FGM includes practices of total or partial cutting or external genital lesions of women for no therapeutic reason. They are carried aut for socio-cultural or hygienic-prophylactic causes. Moreover, these rituals are also practiced by some religious communities despite the lack of impositive precepts in sacred texts. FGM is also widespread in Italy and it is constitute a violation of women’s human rights and child abuse. The Italian State fights the phenomenon with external and internal actions, through strategic measures of prevention, protection and assistance for victims. FGM does not exclude compensation for damage to the health of the women involved. In Italy, a new type of crime has been introduced with the art. 583 bis c.p. However, the rule has not been widely applied. This issue needs to faced up on a global level. Above all, it is necessary to persuade those who follow the practice to be the main actors of their own change.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le pratiche di manipolazioni degli organi genitali femminili - 2. Procedura esercutiva e conseguenze degli atti di alterazione dei caratteri sessuali delle donne - 3. Radici socio-culturali delle pratiche di MGF - 4. Fattore religioso e atti modificativi dei genitali femminili - 5. Le strategie di prevenzione e di contrasto delle MGF nell’Unione europea - 6. Politiche legislative nella lotta contro le MGF - 7. Conclusioni.

Denied identities. Female genital mutilation: the fight of Europe against a silent violence

ABSTRACT: FGM refers to rituals of manipulation female genitalia and other procedures against female genital organs for non-medical reasons. Usually the practice is carried out on young girls, from childhood to teenagers. These rituals are carried out for cultural, religious and social reasons in the mistaken belief that they will produce a benefit to the girl (to safeguard her virginity, to prepare for marriage, etc.). No religious text prescribes the practice, but is rooted in the culture and beliefs of the communities that practice it. However some religious communities practice the FGM. Rituals do not help the health of the girl subjected, but they can lead to serious health complications or even to death of victim. So FGM is recognised a form of child abuse and a violation of women’s human rights. The EU is committed to eliminating FGM through strategic actions and legislative measures, but mainly changes in attitudes and beliefs among relevant communities are important to ensure FGM is abandoned. It is also important to fight FGM with direct involvement of the religious and political leaders of the communities where the rituals are diffuse. European States are called to cooperate with each other with strategic internal and external actions.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le norme sulla Santa comunione dei fedeli celiaci - 2. Le recenti linee guida emanate su richiesta di Papa Francesco - 3. Il pane mere triticeus come insostituibile elemento dell’Eucarestia - 4. La fonte della liturgia cattolica sul divieto dell’uso di ostie gluten free come materia eucaristica: il pane dell’ultima cena - 5. Il glutine come parte del pane eucaristico - 6. Il fedele celiaco e la Santa comunione tra ostie a basso contenuto di glutine, comunione sub sola specie vini e comunione spirituale - 7. L’uso di organismi geneticamente modificati (OGM) nell’Eucarestia e la genuinità della materia eucaristica - 8. Conclusioni.

GMO and low gluten host. The communion of the celiacs faithful: an open question

ABSTRACT: Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten in susceptible individuals. Currently, there is no specific medical treatment for celiac disease. The only treatment for this disorder is lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. Catholic Church affirmed that bread, to be valid material for the Eucharist, must be made of wheat, must contain enough gluten for breadmaking and must be free of foreign matter. In order to meet the needs of those who suffer from the celiac disease, it has introduced the validity of low gluten. The Circular Letter issued at the request of Pope Francis has not changed the Holy Communion of the celiac faithful. Nevertheless, the document also decided that Eucharistic matter made with OGM could be considered valid matter. The Roman rite finds its theological source in the elements of Eucarist by Jesus instituted in the Last Easter Supper. The sources, however, do not indicate the matter of the bread offered at the Last Supper. So can we say that it was really made of wheat? The solution to this enigma is very important. In fact, it could open up new horizons on Eucharistic matter and on the validity of the gluten free hosts.

SOMMARIO: - 1. La libertà religiosa: brevi cenni - 2. Libertà di coscienza e libera formazione delle coscienze - 3. Istanze identitarie, libertà religiosa e principio di uguaglianza - 4. Fattore religioso e semantiche radici della laicità dello Stato - 5. Attività religiose e pratiche di culto nella scuola pubblica: il quadro normativo - 6. Il rito di benedizione nella scuola pubblica: revirement giurisprudenziale - 7. La recente sentenza del Consiglio di Stato, 27 marzo 2017, n. 1388 - 8. Atti di culto nello spazio pubblico e finalità formativa della scuola - 9. Conclusioni.

Breaking through the wall of intolerance. Lights and shadows of Easter blessing in State schools between religious freedom and laical nature of the State

ABSTRACT: Religious freedom is a fundamental human right protected by Italian Constitution. Which are the limits to be respected in case of religious practices inside Italian State schools? This paper examines the meaning of “religious freedom” and the essence of State “secular” nature; then focuses on a recent case, which caused a debate on the boundaries between Church and State, about Easter blessing rite in State schools. The Court of first instance argued that blessing is a religious rite and it cannot be held in State schools; the Supreme Administrative Court rejected this ruling, claiming that Easter blessing in State schools is to be permitted, it being an exercise of religious freedom not violating State secular nature. Religious symbols and rites in public places are not to be considered a violation of the State secular nature. The Italian State does not hold any religious belief of any religion, but can create conditions conducive to religions.

SOMMARIO: 1. Le pratiche di manipolazioni degli organi genitali femminili – 2. L’art. 583 bis c.p. nella prassi applicativa – 3. La lotta alle mutilazioni e/o lesioni degli organi genitali femminili: strumenti adeguati o perfettibili? – 4. La circoncisione rituale maschile nell’ordinamento italiano – 5. Il differente trattamento giuridico della circoncisione maschile e femminile - 6. La circoncisione rituale maschile tra modalità di esecuzione e aspetti sanitari - 7. Funzione genitoriale, scelte educative e prassi circoncisoria maschile - 8. Conclusioni.

Marks on the body and wounds in the soul. The manipulation of the children's genital organs and violated rights

ABSTRACT : Females’ genital mutilation (FGM) comprises any alteration of the external female genitalia , for non-medical reasons. The practice has negative effects on the health and is a violation of human rights of girls and women. In Italy, according to the art. 583 bis Penal Code, any form of FGM is forbidden, including clitoridectomy, excision, infibulation and any other practice causing similar effects, or causing physical or mental disease. Conversely, male ritual circumcision is allowed. According to the author of this paper, genital manipulation practices on both sexes should be explicitly fought and they should be replaced with symbolic actions, in order to protect the minor’s body and soul.

Sommario : 1. Autonomia confessionale e sovranità dello Stato: la distinzione tra ordini “distinti” – 2. Il principio di laicità e la valorizzazione delle differenze, nell’inderogabile esigenza di salvaguardia dei diritti della persona – 3. Tutela della salute: diritto fondamentale della Costituzione italiana – 4. La dimensione ascetica dell’individuo nella concezione giuridica del bene salute – 5. La salute nell’ordinamento canonico: connotazione di un bene con valore relativo – 6. La realizzazione “responsabile” della salute e la sua intrinseca connessione con la salvezza nella Chiesa – 7. La sana cooperatio tra Stato e Chiesa nella tutela della salute del civis-fidelis – 8. Conclusioni.

Health of the civis-fidelis in the different systems of the Italian State and the Catholic Church. The spiritual needs of the individual as included in th e meaning of health

ABSTRACT: The meaning of "health" in a legal system depends upon its culture and social development, so that time and space influence the way protection is offered. Nowadays the idea of “health” has enlarged. In the past the meaning of health was intended as a mental-physical well-being; it has now gradually developed to a larger meaning, including a complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease. Along with Italian constitution, Italy has to pursue and protect the health of any individual, not just citizens. Health is also protected by the Church as a precious gift given by God to man and is closely linked with salvation. Man is called to protect the value of this gift in its widest configuration. Therefore the integral protection of health requires to take into account all the dimensions of the individual, both as civis and fidelis. In order to reach this target it is necessary an open dialogue between civil authorities and religious institution; its importance relies on the primacy of the individual and includes the care of his dignity and the respect of his rights, in mutual respect for the autonomy of the two orders, whose relations are to be seen as a single track and a vital bulwark, a vision inspired by the liberal-democratic system.

SOMMARIO : 1. L’Eucarestia: “augusto” strumento per la salute dei christifideles nell’economia della salvezza - 2. La transustanziazione - 3. La malattia celiaca e l’unico rimedio terapeutico: la dieta gluten free - 4. Il christifidelis affetto dalla sprue celiaca tra dieta gluten free e pane mere triticeus - 5. Prime disposizioni sul divieto dell’uso di ostie quibus glutinum ablatum est - 6. La particola con “una minima quantità di glutine” - 7. Le vigenti prescrizioni sulla validità della materia eucaristica e l’uso di ostie a basso contenuto di glutine - 8. La normativa sulla comunione dei celiaci tra sospetti e apprezzamenti - 9. Ultime precisazioni sull’uso del pane con poca quantità di glutine - 10. Conclusioni.

The health of the christifidelis celiac between diet gluten free and invalidity of the hosts quibus glutinum ablatum est

ABSTRACT: The communion of celiac has aroused the attention of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith for the direct connection between gluten, cause of the disease, and bread mere triticeus, precious element of the Eucharist. The complex matter concerns the impelling urgency to allow the christifidelis celiac to follow a super stricte gluten free diet, necessary way to the protection of his mental and physical health, without expelling him from the eucharistic banquet, indispensable instrument of salvation of his own soul. Therefore, in the saving mission of the Church called to the salus animarum of every man, without discriminating exclusions, direct specific norms are emanated to harmonize the dogmatic demands, connected to the Eucharestic, and the therapeutic needs related to mental and physical health of the faithful with the disease. Such norms have faced the validity of the eucharistic matter sealing the invalidity of the hosts quibus glutinum ablatum est , with a meaningful evolution, during the time. It stays, nevertheless, the suspect of an exhaustive solution of the question that induces to wish new interventions.