Contenuti per la categoria: Varie

SUMMARY: 1. The relevant Past - 2. Protest and Print - 3. The ramist Answer - 4. Modern Minds - Two Foundations.

ABSTRACT: In the global age the modern Western, secular, and material way of understanding human existence is generally accepted to provide the norm by which every alternative view is evaluated. It is the standard against which all other ways of thinking are judged. It is the accepted basis on which entire systems of law, forms of government, methods of education, and a modern way of life is extended across every region and people of the earth. Viewed historically, however, the fact that such a way of understanding should become the norm is quite ironic. Despite the predominance of this mode of thought in the present age, as far as can be determined, nearly all people who have ever lived on the earth, until very recent times, have lived according to principles and values that not only included the rational and material ways of understanding but combined them with a religious, sacred, or miraculous aspect as well. In fact, the peoples of the West were once uniformly of this mentality - and many remain so. Moreover, it was not until a great transformation began to take place, beginning around 1600 that the modern secular and materialistic way of understanding came to provide the basic premise for a Western way of life in which religious belief and spirituality survived, but mostly in an instrumental or subordinated role. The story of how this new Method of understanding - premised on Thought rather than Being, Fact rather than Truth, Empirical and Rational, rather than a fully human way of apprehending - involves three pivotal figures: Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, and especially, Peter Ramus (Pierre de La Ramee). Following on these men an architecture of the modern mind - what Foucault called an episteme - is coming to predominate among a global population. It is a way of thinking based on some combination of their teachings. To understand how and why this occurred is to understand how and why the sacred or miraculous dimension of human existence lay outside a paradigm that shapes the global age.

SOMMARIO: 1. L’epidemia nel Codice civile italiano - 2. “Una brutta notizia, avvolta in una proteina” - 3. Le misure di contenimento dell’epidemia da Covid-19 adottate e l’esordio di vaccini anti-Covid-19 - 4. La vaccinazione obbligatoria: precedenti storici italiani - 5. La vaccinazione obbligatoria contro il Covid-19, oggi: una mappa mondiale - 6. La vaccinazione contro il Covid-19 in Italia: obbligo, diritto od onere? 7. Il problema della compatibilità dell’obbligo vaccinale con il quadro normativo costituzionale ed europeo - 8. Conclusioni.

The introduction of a compulsory vaccination in Italy: critical profiles

ABSTRACT: The multiple Covid-19 vaccines developed until now are typically thought of as the only means to meet the challenges posed by the current pandemic. The Italian legal system offers a composite framework for the regulation of vaccinations against Covid-19 and more precisely provides for the burden of vaccination for many categories of people (including healthcare workers). The purpose of this paper is to verify the legitimacy of a compulsory vaccination in the light of Italian and European sources of law. In this perspective, the Author argues that a compulsory vaccination against Covid-19 could be considered not consistent with both the Italian Constitution and the European legislation. Furthermore, the Author focuses on the phenomenon of vaccine esitancy, questioning whether a policy of mandatory vaccination is the proper tool for supporting the effective implementation of vaccination strategies.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Breve storia delle riforme universitarie a) fino al 2000 - 3. b) dal 2000 a oggi - 4. Il piano degli studi giuridici e l’accesso alle “professioni classiche” - 5. Proposte di revisione della tabella attuale. a) il contesto generale e particolare - 6. b) i punti salienti.

Knowing to deliberate. Reflections on legal education.

ABSTRACT: The debate on legal education in Italy appears to be an always open question. The synthesis is complicated by the coexistence of multiple factors that increase its complexity. However, the gradual and stable decrease in enrollments and the simultaneous lack of employment prospects for graduates require it to be revised, also favored by the opportunities opened by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR). In this essay I proceed to a preliminary historical reconstruction of the debate still in progress and I present reflections which, hopefully, will be useful for its operational conclusion.

SOMMARIO. 1. Introduzione - 2. Sfera privata, narrative politiche e diritto: famiglia e nazione nel Programma di cooperazione nazionale e nella nuova Costituzione ungherese - 3. La discriminazione delle minoranze: il divieto di registrazione del cambiamento di genere adottato durante la pandemia da COVID-19 - 4. Spazio pubblico, tradizione, identità nazionale e radici cristiane - 5. Etnosimbolismo e malessere sociale tra rifiuto del linguaggio politico centrato sui diritti fondamentali e sfruttamento delle aspettative che questi ingenerano - 6. Conclusioni.

Tradition, National Identity, Ethnosymbolism and Discrimination in Hungary: Challenging Fundamental Rights with their Own Weapons

Abstract: The ruling coalition in Hungary values tradition, retrieving it in areas that affect both the private sphere of citizens and the public sphere of institutions through political narratives that are implemented by law. Although the "recovered" and interpreted tradition shapes a collective imagination and a normative framework that, according to current language, could be described as extremely conservative, political narratives and normative interventions contribute to social change in an illiberal sense. They intercept widespread malaise and increase discrimination against minorities already at risk. Moving from a unique model of social regulation based on the family, the ruling coalition establishes a link between the latter and the nation, introduces bans on the registration of gender change and the promotion of LGBT contents. Within migration policy, it also constructs the target of migrants and uses Christianity as an ethno-identity component, meanwhile adopting measures that prevent the implementation of Christian values. Moreover, Hungarian narratives, while rejecting the fundamental rights-centered narrative of the liberal tradition, are able to politically "exploit" the expectations it creates among citizens. Following a populist logic, the ruling coalition openly rejects the liberal fundamental rights narrative, but at the same time fully utilizes it.

SUMMARY: 1. The Medieval Age - 2. Becoming Modern - 3. Anglophone and Civilian - 4. Empire and Nation - 5. Global and Postmodern.

ABSTRACT: There are many ways to understand the project of globalization as it unfolds in the twenty-first century. It is often viewed in terms of technological advance, finance and trade, or travel and communication. Each of these describe aspects of the project, yet none of its parts is more important than the legal basis upon which a regimen of global governance is being constructed. It is a legal regime of two parts, the coercive, or adjudicative and the persuasive, or educative. It involves the ordering of persons and things on a global scale as well as shaping the mind and thought of a global public. But the sources of this expansive framework of authority are neither recent nor modern. Instead, they are derived from two historic legal traditions, Anglophone and Civilian, as those traditions carry forward many accoutrements of the legal past. Among these are techniques and instruments for shaping human identity and human understanding in ways that fulfill the requirements of legal rule. In fact, the global project follows on a long tradition of employing religion as the educative instrument of governance. However, the new project of global rule is unprecedented in that it is intended to include all peoples in all regions of the earth. The project is also taking on a unique character, becoming Anglicized as the adaptability of Anglophone law subsumes many features of Civilian practice. But the great challenge is not only to impose judicial authority, it is also to instill attitudes of acceptance and habits of compliance among a global public. The purpose of what follows is to provide perspective on the project of globalization in both its adjudicative and educative aspects, with a special emphasis both on the use of technology to shape human understanding, and the use of religion as an instrument of legal rule. To do so this paper will focus on a broad historical context and on continuing historical themes in the development of a twenty-first century global law.

SOMMARIO: 1. Momenti di destino - 2. Lezioni sul diritto vaticano - 3. Stato pontificio e Stato della Città del Vaticano - 4. Diritto canonico e ordinamento vaticano - 5. Riflessioni conclusive.

Some reflections on the Vatican system. Remembering the Master.

ABSTRACT: In recalling the life and work of prof. Giuseppe Dalla Torre, the author highlights some key areas in which the interests and personal commitment of the late Maestro are most focused. The essay intends to highlight that prof. Dalla Torre, also on the basis of his immense scientific production, was not only a brilliant and highly original scholar of canon law and ecclesiastical law, but he was also a refined constitutionalist, a careful scholar of public law and constitutional law. in relation to the various state systems, as well as in relation to the very unique system of the Vatican City State. The paper makes a specific reflection on some aspects of the current Vatican legal system, to which Dalla Torre has dedicated significant personal energies, especially in recent years. The essay indicates that the Vatican system was not only an important object of study and legal interest on the part of Giuseppe Dalla Torre. But it also represented an important field of action in which he sowed with copious abundance: both as a consultant for various departments of the Apostolic See; both from a jurisprudential point of view, in the years in which he held prestigious positions as a Vatican magistrate and, most recently, as President of the same Court of the Vatican City State; and, again, from the point of view of the care of new generation of jurists - trained through a prestigious School led by himself - with the relevant purpose of providing them with the tools suitable to operate, even at a professional level, within the "walls" Vatican system. It follows that Giuseppe Dalla Torre not only represents an illustrious ecclesiastic and canonist of our times, but also an esteemed legal practitioner, as well as an appreciated "Vatican jurist".

TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. Introduction - 2. The life and works of David Lazzaretti, the “Second Christ” from Arcidosso - 3. The ‘Prophet’ on the stand: the criminal trials in the State Courts - 4. Lazzaretti before the Tribunal of the Roman Holy Office - 5. Life after Death: Different interpretations of the Lazzaretti case - 6. The Prophet and the Alienists - 7. Conclusion: a prismatic figure.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to retrace a peculiar case occurred in the complex context of the decades after Italian Risorgimento and the Italian unification (1861). In particular, it will be analysed the case of David Lazzaretti a poor carter from Tuscany, self-proclaimed “Christ, Duce, Judge” and “the Second Son of God come to earth”, considered a heretic and excommunicated from the Catholic Church due his blasphemous writing. He founded the “Giurisdavidic Church” based on a sort of mystical and utopian socialism (his motto was: “The Republic is the kingdom of God”). His figure has given rise to lively controversy between those who considered him a martyr and who reputed him a mad visionary or a charlatan. In any case, Lazzaretti’s movements are emphasized above all for his tragic end: on the morning of August 18, 1878, while he was driving a peaceful procession from Monte Labbro to Arcidosso, a little town in Tuscany, he was killed by Italian carabinieri during a religious ceremony. After his death, medical science and in particular positivist psychiatry, also called “alienists”, described Lazzaretti not as a sacrilegious impostor but as a mentally ill person, who would have benefitted more from treatment than prosecution.

SOMMARIO: parte prima. Introduzione - 1. Dalle più antiche forme di schiavitù a quelle contemporanee: definizioni - 1.1. L’impostazione tradizionale e il suo progressivo superamento: dal concetto di “proprietà” alle diverse forme di “controllo” - 1.2. Le definizioni convenzionali delle diverse e moderne “istituzioni e pratiche” schiaviste - 2. I numeri e le cause della schiavitù, nelle sue forme contemporanee - 2.1. I numeri - 2.2. I fattori di rischio - 3. Jus cogens e obblighi erga omnes. Lo status del divieto di schiavitù - 3.1. La classificazione dei diritti umani “fondamentali”. La nozione di jus cogens - 3.2. La nozione di obblighi erga omnes e l’emersione di valori collettivi della comunità internazionale. La responsabilità (aggravata) degli Stati per violazione di questi obblighi - 3.3. Il ruolo delle sanzioni/contromisure (specifiche o globali) come efficace deterrente rispetto a gravi violazioni e abusi dei diritti umani - 3.4. Dal Rwanda al Myanmar e oltre: recenti e incoraggianti dati della prassi relativi alla repressione giudiziale dei crimini internazionali nelle controversie tra Stati - 4. Il diritto delle vittime all’accesso alla giustizia e a rimedi effettivi - 4.1. Due diritti distinti o due facce della stessa medaglia? La loro evoluzione - 4.2. Riparazione individuale v. riparazione collettiva - 4.3. Il diritto a “effective remedies” negli strumenti di soft law da far valere nei confronti di attori non-statali - 5. La più recente prassi giudiziale internazionale in materia di accesso alla giustizia riguardo al crimine di schiavitù - 5.1. La giurisprudenza della Corte Edu - 5.2. La giurisprudenza di altre Corti e Istituzioni internazionali in materia di schiavitù e pratiche contemporanee assimilabili: il sistema interamericano - 5.3. Il sistema africano - 5.4 Le decisioni rese dai Tribunali penali internazionali - parte seconda. 6. I limiti alla protezione giudiziaria delle vittime di crimini: il problema della competenza universale (penale e civile) nella prassi giudiziale internazionale e interna, in particolare a fronte dell’immunità garantita dal diritto internazionale generale - 6.1. Competenza universale (civile e penale) e crimini: una sintetica valutazione della giurisprudenza della Corte internazionale di giustizia e della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo - 6.2. Una possibile evoluzione della prassi in materia di competenza civile universale per crimini? - 6.3. La giurisprudenza americana in materia di competenza civile universale basata sull’Alien Tort Act e la sua recente evoluzione - 6.4. Da Kiobel a Nevsun: un nuovo ATS? - 6.5. Un “effetto orizzontale” dei diritti umani nella sfera delle relazioni tra “privati”? - 6.6. Qualche breve considerazione di carattere metodologico - 6.7 Il ruolo propulsivo delle legislazioni nazionali in tema di responsabilità d’impresa - 7. Un possibile, rinnovato ruolo per il diritto internazionale privato europeo in materia di accesso alla giustizia - 7.1. La posizione della Commissione europea rispetto all’applicazione extraterritoriale dell’Alien Tort Act statunitense alle multinazionali straniere ai tempi della sentenza Kiobel - 7.2. Il nuovo quadro normativo europeo sulla responsabilità d’impresa e l’obbligo di diligenza presentato dalla Commissione Europea nel 2020 - 7.3. La proposta di una nuova direttiva europea in materia di due diligence d’impresa. Una prima valutazione - 7.4. L’auspicabile revisione internazionalprivatistica del regolamento Bruxelles I bis: il criterio del forum necessitatis e la sua distinzione rispetto alla competenza civile universale e al forum non conveniens - 7.5. (segue) La riforma del regolamento Roma II: la legge applicabile “astrattamente” più adatta a garantire rimedi effettivi nei procedimenti relativi al risarcimento dei danni derivanti dal crimine di schiavitù - 8. Il target 8.7 dei sustainable development goal dell’Agenda 2030 delle Nazioni Unite - 8.1. I persistenti trend socio-economici alla base delle persistenti forme delle moderne schiavitù - 8.2. Le difficoltà relative all’attuazione del Target 8.7 dell’Agenda 2030 - 9. Considerazioni conclusive. Le azioni della comunità internazionale necessarie nell’immediato futuro per assicurare giustizia e riparazione alle vittime delle moderne forme di schiavitù - 9.1. Le azioni necessarie: aggiornare le vecchie convenzioni ONU del secolo scorso sulla schiavitù dotandole di strumenti che consentano alle vittime di usufruire di speciali “complaint procedures” - 9.2. (segue) Attuare le Risoluzioni del Consiglio di Sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite - 9.3. (segue) Adottare sanzioni unilaterali come contromisure “legittime” ai sensi del diritto internazionale contemporaneo nei confronti degli Stati che ancora praticano o tollerano forme di schiavitù - 9.4. (segue) Utilizzare al meglio tutti gli strumenti messi a disposizione del diritto internazionale privato e processuale. La necessità di una nuova convenzione sulla responsabilità internazionale d’impresa che consenta agli Stati di dotarsi di criteri di giurisdizione civile universale. In via sussidiaria, la necessità per gli Stati di dotarsi di un forum necessitatis e criteri di collegamento per la legge applicabile idonei a meglio soddisfare i diritti delle vittime - 9.5. (segue) Adottare una prospettiva realmente “victim-centred and human rights-based”.

Justice and Reparation for the Victims of Contemporary Forms of Slavery. An Evaluation in the Light of the Evolving Nature of Public and Private International Law, European Law and the United Nations’ Agenda 2030

ABSTRACT: The Article enlighten the emergence in the twentieth century, through a rigorous exam of the fundamental elements constituting international custom, of a new enlarged notion of slavery which, under the umbrella’s definition of contemporary forms of slaveries, brings together the most heinous forms of  this pervasive and everlasting crime against the humanity. All these new institutions and practices share the same peremptory status and erga omnes nature of the original prohibition, as well as all the (aggravated) consequences that the current apparatus of international law provides for the protection of fundamental interests of the international community as a whole. The Article also explores the way the major limitations to the fundamental right to access to justice and effective reparation for the victims (especially, immunity from foreign courts’ civil jurisdiction) have been recently implemented by national, international and supranational courts. It also prospects the  progressive rise of a human rights’ horizontal effect in the private sphere,  underlying the fundamental role that private international law might have in letting States to exercise extra-territorial jurisdiction in order to guarantee fundamental human rights obligations; thus, reflecting the growing recognition that a pure State-sovereignty-oriented approach has already been gradually supplanted by a human-being-oriented approach. Many concrete suggestions have been advanced in order to put an end in the near future to the crime of slavery, in whatever way declined.

SOMMARIO: 1. Sviluppo tecnologico, internet e dinamiche interculturali - 2. I nuovi mezzi di comunicazione sociale nel magistero della Chiesa cattolica - 3. Strategie confessionali e prospettive interculturali: il caso delle app religiose - 4. Il download di una app tra tutela della privacy e sicurezza sociale.

Internet, Cultures, Religions. Some insights for an intercultural web.

ABSTRACT: The article aims to investigate the relationship between the Internet and religions. Technological evolution has produced important consequences on society and relationships between people, also involving religious denominations. The latter have defined new ways of professing and excercizing their belief: creation of Christian communities on line, Internet as window of knowledge of monastic life or proselytizing tools, propaganda through religious videogames, app for smartphones and tablets. Such tools can contribute to the formation of an intercultural web. The use of the Internet and of modern technologies questions jurists about the protection of sensitive data of religious interest and of social security. Downloading an app on smatphones and tablets allows the provider to access even the user’s sensitive data, including their religious affiliation. This requires the intervention of Italian Data Protection Authority, whose task is to check whether the processing of sensitive data is carried out in compliance with the applicable regulations. The improper use of the Internet can also involve the protection of social security, through the denigration of a particularly weak social group and as a tool of spreading and inciting hatred (hate speech). The legislator is therefore called upon to define the sanctioning capacity of the existing legal systems.

SOMMARIO: 1. L’estensione degli artt. 604-bis e 604-ter del codice penale - 2. La disciplina attualmente in vigore - 3. La mancanza di determinatezza di alcune fattispecie previste nel Testo unificato - 4. Il fine di sanzionare la violenza e altri fatti criminosi - 5. Il fine di prevenire la violenza, le manifestazioni di un pensiero discriminatorio e la discriminazione come tale - 6. Sull’equilibrio tra libertà ed eguaglianza.

The Ends Do Not Justify the Means. Considerations on The Bill on “Violence or Discrimination on Grounds of Gender or Sexual Orientation”

ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the legislative proposal on “violence or discrimination on grounds of gender or sexual orientation” currently under examination by the Italian Parliament. It exposes how, according to the bill, three types of behaviour would be punished under penal law: violent acts or incitements to violence, discriminatory acts, expression of discriminatory thoughts. The author shows why the new law would infringe the Italian Constitution in so far as it forbids the expression of ideas or punishes acts that have no link with violence. This would contrast with several fundamental freedoms such as the freedoms of expression, of assembly and of religion.